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2021 Vol. 20, No. 2
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2021, 20(2): 1-5.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2021003
Abstract:
China's natural protected area system, with nature reserves as the main body, has played an important role in protecting most of China's natural ecosystems and wildlife resources in a critical historical period. It is set up according mainly to resource elements and established and operated according to their respective laws and regulations, which is lacking in unified coordination of national laws. Inevitably, there are some problems, such as overlapping, multi-management, unfulfilled rights and responsibilities, unscientific classification, different protection standards, unclear public welfare attributes, and the contradiction between protection and development difficult to coordinate. These problems seriously restrict the development of nature reserves in China, and it is urgent to reform the current management system and mechanism in the field of nature reserves. Establishing national park system is a key reform task proposed by the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, and an important content of China's ecological civilization system building. Its essence is to improve the management system and governance capacity of natural protected area, form a modern governance system, and to constantly improve the management efficiency of China's nature conservation. On the basis of reviewing the development and problem of China's natural protected area system, this paper summarizes the progress of the national park system pilot, analyzes the objectives, principle and key tasks at the reform of natural protected area system, and points out that the establishment of the new natural protected area system must highlight the Chinese concept, build the Chinese model, and reflect the Chinese efficiency. The purpose is to provide direction and suggestions for the establishment of the natural protected area system with national parks as the main body.
China's natural protected area system, with nature reserves as the main body, has played an important role in protecting most of China's natural ecosystems and wildlife resources in a critical historical period. It is set up according mainly to resource elements and established and operated according to their respective laws and regulations, which is lacking in unified coordination of national laws. Inevitably, there are some problems, such as overlapping, multi-management, unfulfilled rights and responsibilities, unscientific classification, different protection standards, unclear public welfare attributes, and the contradiction between protection and development difficult to coordinate. These problems seriously restrict the development of nature reserves in China, and it is urgent to reform the current management system and mechanism in the field of nature reserves. Establishing national park system is a key reform task proposed by the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, and an important content of China's ecological civilization system building. Its essence is to improve the management system and governance capacity of natural protected area, form a modern governance system, and to constantly improve the management efficiency of China's nature conservation. On the basis of reviewing the development and problem of China's natural protected area system, this paper summarizes the progress of the national park system pilot, analyzes the objectives, principle and key tasks at the reform of natural protected area system, and points out that the establishment of the new natural protected area system must highlight the Chinese concept, build the Chinese model, and reflect the Chinese efficiency. The purpose is to provide direction and suggestions for the establishment of the natural protected area system with national parks as the main body.
2021, 20(2): 6-13.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2020194
Abstract:
Making necessary and reasonable use while conducting strict protection is one of the biggest features differentiating national parks from nature reserves. Developing tourism appropriately is one of the leading ways to reasonably use natural resources in national parks. However, tourism has been viewed in China as fierce as flood and savage beast threatening the protection of nature. Whether it is able to and how to develop tourism in national parks of China is a huge challenge confronting Chinese national park authorities. In this paper, the author argues the necessity and significance of appropriate tourism development for national parks. First of all, developing tourism appropriately is the internal demand of national parks management, since it can help to fulfill the overall functions of national parks, including education, recreation as well as protection. Secondly, appropriate tourism development in national parks can meet the strategic need of national economic and social development in China. It can play important roles in harmonizing the contradiction between development and protection, and meeting the needs of Chinese people for good life. It is the realistic requirement to practice "Two Mountains Theory" and also an important measure to realize the strategy of "Rural Revitalization". Thirdly, appropriately developing tourism is the prevailing way to rationally use national parks around the world, and it is also proved to be the key to achieve the success of national parks management. In the end, the author makes some proposals in terms of how to promote the sustainable future development of tourism in the newly-established national parks.
Making necessary and reasonable use while conducting strict protection is one of the biggest features differentiating national parks from nature reserves. Developing tourism appropriately is one of the leading ways to reasonably use natural resources in national parks. However, tourism has been viewed in China as fierce as flood and savage beast threatening the protection of nature. Whether it is able to and how to develop tourism in national parks of China is a huge challenge confronting Chinese national park authorities. In this paper, the author argues the necessity and significance of appropriate tourism development for national parks. First of all, developing tourism appropriately is the internal demand of national parks management, since it can help to fulfill the overall functions of national parks, including education, recreation as well as protection. Secondly, appropriate tourism development in national parks can meet the strategic need of national economic and social development in China. It can play important roles in harmonizing the contradiction between development and protection, and meeting the needs of Chinese people for good life. It is the realistic requirement to practice "Two Mountains Theory" and also an important measure to realize the strategy of "Rural Revitalization". Thirdly, appropriately developing tourism is the prevailing way to rationally use national parks around the world, and it is also proved to be the key to achieve the success of national parks management. In the end, the author makes some proposals in terms of how to promote the sustainable future development of tourism in the newly-established national parks.
2021, 20(2): 14-19.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2021013
Abstract:
Under the global background that establishing national parks is facing a shortage of funds, how to effectively attract social donations is one of the important issues of national parks. This paper combs some representative countries that have national parks, such as the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, and compares the legal basis, tax policies, donation types, practical effects and other issues of social donation of national parks in these countries. Results suggest that these countries have adopted various laws to control the operation of social donation of national parks, and have also defined the rights and obligations of donors and recipients. The conclusions of the study is of significant value of reference for the formulation of China's national park social donation system.
Under the global background that establishing national parks is facing a shortage of funds, how to effectively attract social donations is one of the important issues of national parks. This paper combs some representative countries that have national parks, such as the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, and compares the legal basis, tax policies, donation types, practical effects and other issues of social donation of national parks in these countries. Results suggest that these countries have adopted various laws to control the operation of social donation of national parks, and have also defined the rights and obligations of donors and recipients. The conclusions of the study is of significant value of reference for the formulation of China's national park social donation system.
2021, 20(2): 20-27.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2021118
Abstract:
Under the background of actively advancing the establishment of national parks system in China, the coordinated development of community within and around national parks has become an important task and work content in the establishment of national park planning and management system. Based on the present situation "one park one strategy" of our country's national park community development, this paper takes the proposed Inner Mongolia Hulunbuir National Park as an example, and through identifying and analyzing conflicts of community stakeholders, we put forward solutions to such conflicts. We integrate the mode of community participation, community development, ecological compensation and community management, and propose four mechanisms to ensure the coordinated development of communities, namely, guidance, organization, guarantee and evaluation. Suggestions have been put forward for the community development of Hulunbuir National Park from employment guidance, personnel training, industrial development, ecological compensation and other aspects, in order to provide reference for the scientific community development in the establishment of national parks in China in the future.
Under the background of actively advancing the establishment of national parks system in China, the coordinated development of community within and around national parks has become an important task and work content in the establishment of national park planning and management system. Based on the present situation "one park one strategy" of our country's national park community development, this paper takes the proposed Inner Mongolia Hulunbuir National Park as an example, and through identifying and analyzing conflicts of community stakeholders, we put forward solutions to such conflicts. We integrate the mode of community participation, community development, ecological compensation and community management, and propose four mechanisms to ensure the coordinated development of communities, namely, guidance, organization, guarantee and evaluation. Suggestions have been put forward for the community development of Hulunbuir National Park from employment guidance, personnel training, industrial development, ecological compensation and other aspects, in order to provide reference for the scientific community development in the establishment of national parks in China in the future.
2021, 20(2): 28-34.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2021132
Abstract:
At present, the construction of national parks has just started in China. It is of great significance to know the size of other national parks in the world for developing China's national parks. We counted the number and area of national parks in eight countries—Canada, Russia, the United States, Brazil, South Africa, France, Japan and New Zealand, and compared the scale of different types of national parks with historical culture, species, ecosystem, natural landscape and the complex as the main protection objects. Among all 308 national parks studied, two-thirds of them cover an area between 100 km2and 2 500 km2. The national parks with an area less than 100 km2were generally established for their special historical culture, attractive island landscape, or rare species with narrow distribution, while those with an area of more than 2 500 km2were mainly for the protection of tropical rain forest, desert, tundra or the comprehensive protection of multiple ecosystems. According to the statistical results and China's conservation goal for national parks, we suggest that a national park for the comprehensive protection should be more than 500 km2, and a national park for protecting river and lakes, coastal or island ecosystems, or geological relics could be smaller, but not less than 100 km2. As the number of national parks in China will increase in the future, it is important to constantly reflect and summarize experience from practice, and keep exploring appropriate area of national parks in China.
At present, the construction of national parks has just started in China. It is of great significance to know the size of other national parks in the world for developing China's national parks. We counted the number and area of national parks in eight countries—Canada, Russia, the United States, Brazil, South Africa, France, Japan and New Zealand, and compared the scale of different types of national parks with historical culture, species, ecosystem, natural landscape and the complex as the main protection objects. Among all 308 national parks studied, two-thirds of them cover an area between 100 km2and 2 500 km2. The national parks with an area less than 100 km2were generally established for their special historical culture, attractive island landscape, or rare species with narrow distribution, while those with an area of more than 2 500 km2were mainly for the protection of tropical rain forest, desert, tundra or the comprehensive protection of multiple ecosystems. According to the statistical results and China's conservation goal for national parks, we suggest that a national park for the comprehensive protection should be more than 500 km2, and a national park for protecting river and lakes, coastal or island ecosystems, or geological relics could be smaller, but not less than 100 km2. As the number of national parks in China will increase in the future, it is important to constantly reflect and summarize experience from practice, and keep exploring appropriate area of national parks in China.
2021, 20(2): 35-43.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2021083
Abstract:
National parks with Chinese characteristics are the highest-level nature reserve, and their establishment marks the strictest means of ecological protection. The establishment of resources utilization system of National Parks under the new era and new protection policies is of great value in breaking the "ecological protection only" misunderstanding and exploring how to carry out sustainable utilization of resources in the reform of national park system. Based on the analytic hierarchy process and the Delphi method, combined with the establishment requirements of the new nature reserve system and the total value of resource ecosystem services (harvest value, existence value and future value), this study determines the framework, reference standards, weights and indicators for forest resources utilization assessment. Based on the case study of the Bawangling zone of the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, the future optimal resources utilization system under the national park system is proposed, and two system optimization strategies are pointed out, i.e., ecological adjustment of resources utilization system and establishment of appropriate resources utilization system.
National parks with Chinese characteristics are the highest-level nature reserve, and their establishment marks the strictest means of ecological protection. The establishment of resources utilization system of National Parks under the new era and new protection policies is of great value in breaking the "ecological protection only" misunderstanding and exploring how to carry out sustainable utilization of resources in the reform of national park system. Based on the analytic hierarchy process and the Delphi method, combined with the establishment requirements of the new nature reserve system and the total value of resource ecosystem services (harvest value, existence value and future value), this study determines the framework, reference standards, weights and indicators for forest resources utilization assessment. Based on the case study of the Bawangling zone of the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park, the future optimal resources utilization system under the national park system is proposed, and two system optimization strategies are pointed out, i.e., ecological adjustment of resources utilization system and establishment of appropriate resources utilization system.
2021, 20(2): 44-52.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2021082
Abstract:
Research on the connotative meaning, major fields and activity types of ecotourism in China's protected areas are summarized and appraised based on bibliometric methods. Results show that: Publications from abroad focus on wildlife tourism, nature-based tourism, biodiversity conservation and environmental values, pay more attention to the study of tourists' behavior and attitude to protected areas, make much account of community participation and well-being of indigenous inhabitants; Ecotourism has become a generally accepted concept in China, yet its contents have been steadily broadened, its essence is misused and abused, and almost all the tourism activities can be called a kind of ecotourism. At present, such macro-level institutional improvements in ecotourism as management system, law enforcement and development strategies have been greatly valued while studies have long been sidetracked in hands-on practices of detailed ecotourism planning in natural protected areas, biodiversity conservation, environmental interpretation and education, community participation methods and effects, design and promotion of ecological products and so forth. Proposals are suggested to carry out training and educational efforts to make a common and accurate understanding of ecotourism, enhance the ability of normative management and effective governance, and promote applied comprehensive scientific research.
Research on the connotative meaning, major fields and activity types of ecotourism in China's protected areas are summarized and appraised based on bibliometric methods. Results show that: Publications from abroad focus on wildlife tourism, nature-based tourism, biodiversity conservation and environmental values, pay more attention to the study of tourists' behavior and attitude to protected areas, make much account of community participation and well-being of indigenous inhabitants; Ecotourism has become a generally accepted concept in China, yet its contents have been steadily broadened, its essence is misused and abused, and almost all the tourism activities can be called a kind of ecotourism. At present, such macro-level institutional improvements in ecotourism as management system, law enforcement and development strategies have been greatly valued while studies have long been sidetracked in hands-on practices of detailed ecotourism planning in natural protected areas, biodiversity conservation, environmental interpretation and education, community participation methods and effects, design and promotion of ecological products and so forth. Proposals are suggested to carry out training and educational efforts to make a common and accurate understanding of ecotourism, enhance the ability of normative management and effective governance, and promote applied comprehensive scientific research.
2021, 20(2): 53-58.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2021087
Abstract:
The visitor's recreational experience is a multi-stage experience process, including anticipation, on-site travel, on-site participation, departure from the site, and recall. At present, the entire tourism industry and related infrastructure are undergoing digitization, and tourism digitization is called e-tourism. In the future, e-tourism will extend to the entire travel cycle, and nature tourism in protected areas is no exception. This article mainly adopt sinter disciplinary exploratory research methods such as literature review, field investigation, expert scoring, and mathematical modeling to innovate the application model of the visitor recreation management tool in the traditional protected area—Tourism Optimization Management Model (TOMM theory). Taking the Three-River-Source National Park as a case, we use artificial intelligence algorithms to solve the core problem of visitors with different recreational needs?customized optimal route planning with dynamic experience". With this as the core, it is possible to build a practical scenario for the application of TOMM theory in the context of e-tourism, that is, to realize the application of TOMM theory in the national park application scenario. TOMM theory is based on the application mode of "customized optimal route planning with dynamic experience" APP in the context of smart national parks, which will solve the two major practical difficulties in traditional TOMM theory, that is, it is difficult to control the way and degree of public active participation, and it is difficult to obtain and monitor real-time data streams. At the same time, the research will provide a research foundation for the establishment of the smart protected area system with Chinese characteristics.
The visitor's recreational experience is a multi-stage experience process, including anticipation, on-site travel, on-site participation, departure from the site, and recall. At present, the entire tourism industry and related infrastructure are undergoing digitization, and tourism digitization is called e-tourism. In the future, e-tourism will extend to the entire travel cycle, and nature tourism in protected areas is no exception. This article mainly adopt sinter disciplinary exploratory research methods such as literature review, field investigation, expert scoring, and mathematical modeling to innovate the application model of the visitor recreation management tool in the traditional protected area—Tourism Optimization Management Model (TOMM theory). Taking the Three-River-Source National Park as a case, we use artificial intelligence algorithms to solve the core problem of visitors with different recreational needs?customized optimal route planning with dynamic experience". With this as the core, it is possible to build a practical scenario for the application of TOMM theory in the context of e-tourism, that is, to realize the application of TOMM theory in the national park application scenario. TOMM theory is based on the application mode of "customized optimal route planning with dynamic experience" APP in the context of smart national parks, which will solve the two major practical difficulties in traditional TOMM theory, that is, it is difficult to control the way and degree of public active participation, and it is difficult to obtain and monitor real-time data streams. At the same time, the research will provide a research foundation for the establishment of the smart protected area system with Chinese characteristics.
2021, 20(2): 59-65.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2021039
Abstract:
The establishment of national parks system with Chinese characteristics is one of the fundamental goals of national parks construction in China. The system of national parks with Chinese characteristics must be supported by a distinctive environmental ethics system. This paper aims to discuss the choice of environmental ethics and the practice of localization of national parks in China. Firstly, the influence of wilderness thought on the establishment and management of American national parks is analyzed, and then the choice of environmental ethics of Chinese national parks is studied. It is believed that the limitation of wilderness thought and the particularity of Chinese culture, history and reality make China unable to follow the guidance of wilderness ethics to build national parks. Finally, the paper puts forward the construction of the local environmental ethics of China's national parks from the conceptual and behavioral levels, and proposes corresponding suggestions, such as taking "harmony between man and nature" as the driving force, taking ecological civilization as the guide, using traditional ecological knowledge and ideas to promote the protection of national parks, and carrying out environmental education.
The establishment of national parks system with Chinese characteristics is one of the fundamental goals of national parks construction in China. The system of national parks with Chinese characteristics must be supported by a distinctive environmental ethics system. This paper aims to discuss the choice of environmental ethics and the practice of localization of national parks in China. Firstly, the influence of wilderness thought on the establishment and management of American national parks is analyzed, and then the choice of environmental ethics of Chinese national parks is studied. It is believed that the limitation of wilderness thought and the particularity of Chinese culture, history and reality make China unable to follow the guidance of wilderness ethics to build national parks. Finally, the paper puts forward the construction of the local environmental ethics of China's national parks from the conceptual and behavioral levels, and proposes corresponding suggestions, such as taking "harmony between man and nature" as the driving force, taking ecological civilization as the guide, using traditional ecological knowledge and ideas to promote the protection of national parks, and carrying out environmental education.
2021, 20(2): 66-71.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2021063
Abstract:
The harmonious coexistence of man and nature is an incisive summary of the relationship between man and nature put forward by the Chinese Communists, represented by General Secretary XI Jinping, standing at a new historical node in the new era and carefully reviewing the experience and lessons of historical development. National park is a new type of natural protected area and a kind of natural field, which plays an important role in the construction system of natural protected area in China. Harmonious coexistence between man and nature is the model of environmental ethics that we should following the national park construction. In the practice of national park construction, the modernization of the concept of ecological civilization, the modernization of ecological civilization system, the modernization of ecological civilization technology and the modernization of ecological civilization behavior, are important forces driving the modernization of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, and also a profound display of the connotation of national parks. At the same time, to promote the modernization of the harmonious coexistence of man and nature is the practical turn of the connotation of environmental ethics of national parks under the background of the new journey, and is also the attribution of its practice. On this basis, it is necessary to seek long-term effect and stability maintenance of ecological development.
The harmonious coexistence of man and nature is an incisive summary of the relationship between man and nature put forward by the Chinese Communists, represented by General Secretary XI Jinping, standing at a new historical node in the new era and carefully reviewing the experience and lessons of historical development. National park is a new type of natural protected area and a kind of natural field, which plays an important role in the construction system of natural protected area in China. Harmonious coexistence between man and nature is the model of environmental ethics that we should following the national park construction. In the practice of national park construction, the modernization of the concept of ecological civilization, the modernization of ecological civilization system, the modernization of ecological civilization technology and the modernization of ecological civilization behavior, are important forces driving the modernization of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, and also a profound display of the connotation of national parks. At the same time, to promote the modernization of the harmonious coexistence of man and nature is the practical turn of the connotation of environmental ethics of national parks under the background of the new journey, and is also the attribution of its practice. On this basis, it is necessary to seek long-term effect and stability maintenance of ecological development.
2021, 20(2): 72-79.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2021077
Abstract:
The human-elephant conflict (HEC) is a typical event in the human-wildlife conflict in our country. It affects not only the healthy development of biodiversity conservation, but also the life, health and property safety of the local people. In order to clarify the internal mechanism of generation and evolution of HEC, and provide reference for the administration department and scholars, this study carries out literature review and examines the concept and measurement of HEC, the generation mechanism of HEC, as well as farmers' behavioral responses to HEC. Four aspects of conflict governance measures have been summarized. Firstly, the HEC is defined as the negative interactive effect between human and elephant, but the measurement focuses on the direct, negative impact of elephants on human beings. Secondly, the causes of HEC can be summarized as "squeezing effect", "opportunistic effect", "attacking effect" and "climbing effect". The starting point of the conflict is that the Asian elephants (Elephas Maximus) leave their original natural habitats and enter the production and living areas of farmers, resulting in spatial overlap. Thirdly, farmers with different scales of livelihood capital have different behavioral responses to HEC, of which farmers with higher livelihood capital have stronger response to avoid the occurrence of HEC. Fourthly, although the present governance measures of HEC cover three stages, viz., before, during and after the event, which generate positive effects, they are not enough to resolve HEC. In order to promote effective governance of HEC, this paper proposes to carry out interdisciplinary research on the effective management of HEC, enrich the basic theories of the research, expand the sources of research data, embark on studies in terms of newly emerging HEC and strengthen the supporting role of research output on decision-making.
The human-elephant conflict (HEC) is a typical event in the human-wildlife conflict in our country. It affects not only the healthy development of biodiversity conservation, but also the life, health and property safety of the local people. In order to clarify the internal mechanism of generation and evolution of HEC, and provide reference for the administration department and scholars, this study carries out literature review and examines the concept and measurement of HEC, the generation mechanism of HEC, as well as farmers' behavioral responses to HEC. Four aspects of conflict governance measures have been summarized. Firstly, the HEC is defined as the negative interactive effect between human and elephant, but the measurement focuses on the direct, negative impact of elephants on human beings. Secondly, the causes of HEC can be summarized as "squeezing effect", "opportunistic effect", "attacking effect" and "climbing effect". The starting point of the conflict is that the Asian elephants (Elephas Maximus) leave their original natural habitats and enter the production and living areas of farmers, resulting in spatial overlap. Thirdly, farmers with different scales of livelihood capital have different behavioral responses to HEC, of which farmers with higher livelihood capital have stronger response to avoid the occurrence of HEC. Fourthly, although the present governance measures of HEC cover three stages, viz., before, during and after the event, which generate positive effects, they are not enough to resolve HEC. In order to promote effective governance of HEC, this paper proposes to carry out interdisciplinary research on the effective management of HEC, enrich the basic theories of the research, expand the sources of research data, embark on studies in terms of newly emerging HEC and strengthen the supporting role of research output on decision-making.
2021, 20(2): 80-88.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2021091
Abstract:
Protected river area is a special type of protected area to maintain the outstanding value of rivers, and governance by government is the main mode of management for protected river area. Adaptation aims to reduce the adverse effects by adjusting the main body to environmental changes, which can provide ideas and methods for the management of protected river areas. Based on the adaptive analysis framework, this paper compares the mode of government-led governance and evolution process of protected river areas in the United States, New Zealand, Canada and Australia from four aspects: legal policies, governance bodies, resources ownership and funding sources. The following conclusions are drawn: four different modes of government-led governance have been formed in the four national protected river areas; federal centralized management is a prominent feature of the federal-led mode in the United States, central-led and moderate decentralization is the manifestation of the comprehensive governance mode in New Zealand, the cooperative co-management mode in Canada values and respects multiple stakeholders, and the management authority of the local self-government mode in Australia mainly belongs to the local management department. Adapting to the changes of the management system of natural protected area and political system in various countries is the reason for the difference in the mode of government-led governance of protected river areas. In the future, the construction of protected river areas in China must be based on the concept of adaptation, take into account the national conditions and the construction status of natural protected areas system, and the direction of national legislation, hierarchical management and franchising should be explored, so as to enrich and implement the planning of natural protected areas.
Protected river area is a special type of protected area to maintain the outstanding value of rivers, and governance by government is the main mode of management for protected river area. Adaptation aims to reduce the adverse effects by adjusting the main body to environmental changes, which can provide ideas and methods for the management of protected river areas. Based on the adaptive analysis framework, this paper compares the mode of government-led governance and evolution process of protected river areas in the United States, New Zealand, Canada and Australia from four aspects: legal policies, governance bodies, resources ownership and funding sources. The following conclusions are drawn: four different modes of government-led governance have been formed in the four national protected river areas; federal centralized management is a prominent feature of the federal-led mode in the United States, central-led and moderate decentralization is the manifestation of the comprehensive governance mode in New Zealand, the cooperative co-management mode in Canada values and respects multiple stakeholders, and the management authority of the local self-government mode in Australia mainly belongs to the local management department. Adapting to the changes of the management system of natural protected area and political system in various countries is the reason for the difference in the mode of government-led governance of protected river areas. In the future, the construction of protected river areas in China must be based on the concept of adaptation, take into account the national conditions and the construction status of natural protected areas system, and the direction of national legislation, hierarchical management and franchising should be explored, so as to enrich and implement the planning of natural protected areas.
2021, 20(2): 89-93.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2021098
Abstract:
Environmental education is one of the key features of national parks. It is a powerful guarantee for promoting the ecological civilization and establishing an ecological concept of harmony between man and nature. As a natural educational place for the public, American national parks have established a refined environmental education system after a century of exploration. From the perspective of field theory, based on the comprehensive analysis of environmental education field with national parks as the carrier, this paper summarizes the complete environmental education system in American national parks from the viewpoints of field managers, educators, educatees and other participants. The cooperative management model of multi-parties of environmental education in China's national parks is discussed, in order to provide inspirations for the construction and development of China's national parks.
Environmental education is one of the key features of national parks. It is a powerful guarantee for promoting the ecological civilization and establishing an ecological concept of harmony between man and nature. As a natural educational place for the public, American national parks have established a refined environmental education system after a century of exploration. From the perspective of field theory, based on the comprehensive analysis of environmental education field with national parks as the carrier, this paper summarizes the complete environmental education system in American national parks from the viewpoints of field managers, educators, educatees and other participants. The cooperative management model of multi-parties of environmental education in China's national parks is discussed, in order to provide inspirations for the construction and development of China's national parks.
2021, 20(2): 94-100.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2021038
Abstract:
At present, China is in a critical period of steady promotion of national park system and transformation and reconstruction of nature protected area system. Clarifying the development ideas and concepts of national parks is a key issue that we need to solve urgently. The bookNational Parks: The American Experienceprovides a more comprehensive discussion of the development of the national park system and changes in development concepts in the United States. The book tells the story of a series of games between the interest groups such as the federal government, railway companies and environmental organizations about how the national parks should be developed through important historical events, key driving figures and related groundbreaking laws. The book's exploration of the development concept of American national parks, especially the thinking of what national parks should be protected and how to protect them has certain reference and enlightenment significance for perfecting China's national park system and reconstructing the natural protection area system.
At present, China is in a critical period of steady promotion of national park system and transformation and reconstruction of nature protected area system. Clarifying the development ideas and concepts of national parks is a key issue that we need to solve urgently. The bookNational Parks: The American Experienceprovides a more comprehensive discussion of the development of the national park system and changes in development concepts in the United States. The book tells the story of a series of games between the interest groups such as the federal government, railway companies and environmental organizations about how the national parks should be developed through important historical events, key driving figures and related groundbreaking laws. The book's exploration of the development concept of American national parks, especially the thinking of what national parks should be protected and how to protect them has certain reference and enlightenment significance for perfecting China's national park system and reconstructing the natural protection area system.
2021, 20(2): 101-107.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2021050
Abstract:
As a developing country with a large population, India is faced with many difficulties and challenges in biodiversity protection in natural protected areas. However, after the establishment of its national park system, India has carried out fruitful tiger protection actions. In this paper, we introduce the nature protection system in India in the first place and summarize the three stages of Indian national parks' community participation in "Tiger Project", i.e., passive relocation, joint condominium and positive participation. Then the six ways of community participation are summarized, including implementing community education, mobilizing the masses, encouraging typical representatives, carrying out tiger-in and people-out policy, developing ecotourism and building consultation mechanism. Rights of indigenous people and interests of the community have promoted community participation. Finally, enlightenments on community participation in ecological protection projects of national parks are put forward, such as building a government-led community co-management mechanism, encouraging community participation in protection through multiple opportunities, protecting traditional culture and local knowledge, constructing protection compensation fund from multiple sources. India's experience in natural resources protection supported by community is of valuable reference for our country's national parks and other natural protected areas.
As a developing country with a large population, India is faced with many difficulties and challenges in biodiversity protection in natural protected areas. However, after the establishment of its national park system, India has carried out fruitful tiger protection actions. In this paper, we introduce the nature protection system in India in the first place and summarize the three stages of Indian national parks' community participation in "Tiger Project", i.e., passive relocation, joint condominium and positive participation. Then the six ways of community participation are summarized, including implementing community education, mobilizing the masses, encouraging typical representatives, carrying out tiger-in and people-out policy, developing ecotourism and building consultation mechanism. Rights of indigenous people and interests of the community have promoted community participation. Finally, enlightenments on community participation in ecological protection projects of national parks are put forward, such as building a government-led community co-management mechanism, encouraging community participation in protection through multiple opportunities, protecting traditional culture and local knowledge, constructing protection compensation fund from multiple sources. India's experience in natural resources protection supported by community is of valuable reference for our country's national parks and other natural protected areas.
2021, 20(2): 108-114.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2021117
Abstract:
The national parks in China have completed the evaluation and acceptance of the pilot parks. The pilot parks show that the national parks administrative departments have strong appeal to explicit management and control, construction intensity and approval process. Combined with the comprehensive study of the National Park of Japan, this paper studies the zoning planning and management of the National Park of Japan, systematically combs the construction requirements of each zone, the approval process and subject of various construction behaviors, and display them through a comprehensive, detailed form. Based on actual situation and problems in zoning and management of the present pilot national parks in China, referring to the experience and practice of the National Park of Japan, this paper puts forward some suggestions on the zoning method, construction control requirements and approval subjects of China's national parks. This paper aims to provide reference and inspiration for the formulation of national park laws and regulations in China, the constraints of construction behavior and the standardization of approval process after the national parks construction in China turning from the pilot stage to the construction management stage in the future.
The national parks in China have completed the evaluation and acceptance of the pilot parks. The pilot parks show that the national parks administrative departments have strong appeal to explicit management and control, construction intensity and approval process. Combined with the comprehensive study of the National Park of Japan, this paper studies the zoning planning and management of the National Park of Japan, systematically combs the construction requirements of each zone, the approval process and subject of various construction behaviors, and display them through a comprehensive, detailed form. Based on actual situation and problems in zoning and management of the present pilot national parks in China, referring to the experience and practice of the National Park of Japan, this paper puts forward some suggestions on the zoning method, construction control requirements and approval subjects of China's national parks. This paper aims to provide reference and inspiration for the formulation of national park laws and regulations in China, the constraints of construction behavior and the standardization of approval process after the national parks construction in China turning from the pilot stage to the construction management stage in the future.
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