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2020 Vol. 19, No. 1
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2020, 19(1): 1-12.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2020006
Abstract:
In this paper we survey and analyze the documents issued by the central government for the establishment of national parks management system. Taking reference from national parks protection, establishment and management experiences in foreign countries and combining with the actual needs of ecological protection and the current stage of social and economic development in China, we summarize and propose the protection system of national parks which includes eight key mechanisms, such as building a unified hierarchical management system, drawing a national development plan with national parks establishment evaluation criteria, innovating the property rights management system related to the assets of natural resources, improving the legal framework of ecological protection system, creating the management system for the utilization of natural resources, establishing the co-construction and co-management mechanism with local communities, exploring the participation and sharing mechanism for all people, and establishing funding channels and funding guarantee mechanism. Based on the review of the progress of domestic research and the results of the exploration and practice of 10 piloting national park systems, this paper defines the key points and tasks of these systems, analyzes the main challenges at present, and puts forward suggestions for promoting and improving these systems, which will lay a foundation for the establishment of national parks system with Chinese characteristics.
In this paper we survey and analyze the documents issued by the central government for the establishment of national parks management system. Taking reference from national parks protection, establishment and management experiences in foreign countries and combining with the actual needs of ecological protection and the current stage of social and economic development in China, we summarize and propose the protection system of national parks which includes eight key mechanisms, such as building a unified hierarchical management system, drawing a national development plan with national parks establishment evaluation criteria, innovating the property rights management system related to the assets of natural resources, improving the legal framework of ecological protection system, creating the management system for the utilization of natural resources, establishing the co-construction and co-management mechanism with local communities, exploring the participation and sharing mechanism for all people, and establishing funding channels and funding guarantee mechanism. Based on the review of the progress of domestic research and the results of the exploration and practice of 10 piloting national park systems, this paper defines the key points and tasks of these systems, analyzes the main challenges at present, and puts forward suggestions for promoting and improving these systems, which will lay a foundation for the establishment of national parks system with Chinese characteristics.
2020, 19(1): 12-21.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2019103
Abstract:
The protected area system in Germany has been historically formed step by step. This paper begins with the legal basis of protected area system in Germany and explains eleven kinds of protected areas in terms of definition, conservation situation and administrative management. Moreover, summarization and evaluation on protected areas in Germany demonstrate as follows: all the protected areas are managed in line withBundesnaturschutzgesetzin overall planning and level-by-level administration; the interaction among different protected areas is quite common, aiming to guarantee more general connections; concern on integration between cultural and natural elements underlines the management of cultural landscapes; each kind of protected area tends to differ in functions so as to balance the conservation and utilization as well as development of sustainable tourism; the protected areas that have special local meanings are supported legally. Last but not least, based on the reference of protected area system in Germany, the construction of the protected area system in China is discussed, and it is suggested that: legally confirmed protected areas need to be integrated to the territorial space planning; protected areas including natural and cultural landscapes can work hand in hand with “Natural Parks“ the utilization and management of the protected areas should be carried out through general planning.
The protected area system in Germany has been historically formed step by step. This paper begins with the legal basis of protected area system in Germany and explains eleven kinds of protected areas in terms of definition, conservation situation and administrative management. Moreover, summarization and evaluation on protected areas in Germany demonstrate as follows: all the protected areas are managed in line withBundesnaturschutzgesetzin overall planning and level-by-level administration; the interaction among different protected areas is quite common, aiming to guarantee more general connections; concern on integration between cultural and natural elements underlines the management of cultural landscapes; each kind of protected area tends to differ in functions so as to balance the conservation and utilization as well as development of sustainable tourism; the protected areas that have special local meanings are supported legally. Last but not least, based on the reference of protected area system in Germany, the construction of the protected area system in China is discussed, and it is suggested that: legally confirmed protected areas need to be integrated to the territorial space planning; protected areas including natural and cultural landscapes can work hand in hand with “Natural Parks“ the utilization and management of the protected areas should be carried out through general planning.
2020, 19(1): 22-30.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2019149
Abstract:
With the aims of providing suggestions for policy makers, the paper firstly briefs main progress of collective forest tenure reform on the basis of literature review. Then, it introduces opinions of the “four schools of tenure right toward forest, discusses and proposes recommendations for the policies of China’s current collective forest tenure reform. It is found that, even though there is no universal reform pattern, the “four schools of tenure right do discover some laws of forest tenure reform of developing countries which could shed light to China’s current collective forest tenure reform. Comparing with other schools, the property right school has impacted Chinese forestry the most as clarifying forest tenure and increasing efficiency have always been goals of the reform. The school of agrarian structure explicitly points out that market regulation may promote tenure security and that protection of farmer’s right is fundamental. The school of institutionalist emphasizes the role of government in the reform and suggest building rules of a political and legal system to consolidate reform. The common property school provides a train of thoughts on poverty reduction and rural revitalization by suggesting remaining some common forests which could be a space for the rural poor. The paper suggests that collective tenure reform should focus on consolidating reform results and tenure management by laws and regulations. When facilitating forest land scale management, overuse of financial instruments should be avoided in order to prevent “costly inequality? Fully realizing the long term, complexity and difficulty of the reform and shifting tenure reform to routine supervision will reinforce tenure management.
With the aims of providing suggestions for policy makers, the paper firstly briefs main progress of collective forest tenure reform on the basis of literature review. Then, it introduces opinions of the “four schools of tenure right toward forest, discusses and proposes recommendations for the policies of China’s current collective forest tenure reform. It is found that, even though there is no universal reform pattern, the “four schools of tenure right do discover some laws of forest tenure reform of developing countries which could shed light to China’s current collective forest tenure reform. Comparing with other schools, the property right school has impacted Chinese forestry the most as clarifying forest tenure and increasing efficiency have always been goals of the reform. The school of agrarian structure explicitly points out that market regulation may promote tenure security and that protection of farmer’s right is fundamental. The school of institutionalist emphasizes the role of government in the reform and suggest building rules of a political and legal system to consolidate reform. The common property school provides a train of thoughts on poverty reduction and rural revitalization by suggesting remaining some common forests which could be a space for the rural poor. The paper suggests that collective tenure reform should focus on consolidating reform results and tenure management by laws and regulations. When facilitating forest land scale management, overuse of financial instruments should be avoided in order to prevent “costly inequality? Fully realizing the long term, complexity and difficulty of the reform and shifting tenure reform to routine supervision will reinforce tenure management.
2020, 19(1): 31-38.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2019131
Abstract:
Based on the value-added trade method and the world input-output database, this paper estimates the trade interests of China’s paper industry in the global value chain from 2000 to 2014. The results show that the value-added rate of China’s paper industry is reducing year by year, and the actual profit is decreasing as well. China’s paper industry has been increasingly integrated into the global value chain, but the proportion of added value of exports has not been increased correspondingly, and there is an obvious gap with the world’s developed countries of paper industry. Based on the present situation and problems of China’s paper industry, this paper puts forward the suggestions to improve the trade interests of China’s paper industry.
Based on the value-added trade method and the world input-output database, this paper estimates the trade interests of China’s paper industry in the global value chain from 2000 to 2014. The results show that the value-added rate of China’s paper industry is reducing year by year, and the actual profit is decreasing as well. China’s paper industry has been increasingly integrated into the global value chain, but the proportion of added value of exports has not been increased correspondingly, and there is an obvious gap with the world’s developed countries of paper industry. Based on the present situation and problems of China’s paper industry, this paper puts forward the suggestions to improve the trade interests of China’s paper industry.
2020, 19(1): 39-44.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2019105
Abstract:
Based on provincial panel data from 2003 to 2016, the relationship between urbanization and carbon emission in China was studied by constructing a threshold regression model. According to the threshold of real GDP per capita, 30 provinces are divided into four groups of lowest-income, lower-income, higher-income and highest-income. The results show that the relationship between urbanization and carbon emissions of four groups is in line with the Kuznets curve of inverted U shape. Among them, the inflection point corresponds to an urbanization level of 35.55% for the lowest-income group and to 44.64% for the lower-income group. For the highest-income group (more than RMB 29 040 yuan), the relationship between economic growth and carbon emission conforms to the Kuznets curve, and it is in the downward phase of an inverted U curve. In addition, the process of industrialization and investment of energy-saving and emission reduction are still promoting carbon emissions. Therefore, China’s energy conservation and emission reduction strategy should follow the law of economic and social development, considering the varying effects of the economic development level, development speed, and degree of urbanization of different provinces on carbon emissions, taking into account the dual goals of economic development and environmental regulation.
Based on provincial panel data from 2003 to 2016, the relationship between urbanization and carbon emission in China was studied by constructing a threshold regression model. According to the threshold of real GDP per capita, 30 provinces are divided into four groups of lowest-income, lower-income, higher-income and highest-income. The results show that the relationship between urbanization and carbon emissions of four groups is in line with the Kuznets curve of inverted U shape. Among them, the inflection point corresponds to an urbanization level of 35.55% for the lowest-income group and to 44.64% for the lower-income group. For the highest-income group (more than RMB 29 040 yuan), the relationship between economic growth and carbon emission conforms to the Kuznets curve, and it is in the downward phase of an inverted U curve. In addition, the process of industrialization and investment of energy-saving and emission reduction are still promoting carbon emissions. Therefore, China’s energy conservation and emission reduction strategy should follow the law of economic and social development, considering the varying effects of the economic development level, development speed, and degree of urbanization of different provinces on carbon emissions, taking into account the dual goals of economic development and environmental regulation.
2020, 19(1): 45-51.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2019127
Abstract:
It is peculiar and interesting that the Chinese name of cuckoo (Dujuan in pinyin ) is used both for bird and flower (Azalea). Many historical records showed cuckoo was a general name of bird species which are distributed almost in the whole China. Their cry, for the temporal and acoustic characteristics, was used as a sign of phenology in agricultural activities reminding people of farming activities in ancient China, thus they were also called farming birds. The name of cuckoo in China came from a legend among ancient Sichuan people. Since the Tang Dynasty, the beautiful flower azalea which is grown widely in southern China was called “cuckoo or “cuckoo flower because its florescence coincides with the time of the cuckoo’s crying, and was gradually cultivated as ornamental plants in gardens. Since the introduction of the modern biology from the west, the connotation of Chinese name of cuckoo was further expanded, becoming a general name of Rhododendron species. Study of the change of names of animals and plants in history, is not only very interesting, but can also help us to explain some peculiarities in traditional natural history of China.
It is peculiar and interesting that the Chinese name of cuckoo (Dujuan in pinyin ) is used both for bird and flower (Azalea). Many historical records showed cuckoo was a general name of bird species which are distributed almost in the whole China. Their cry, for the temporal and acoustic characteristics, was used as a sign of phenology in agricultural activities reminding people of farming activities in ancient China, thus they were also called farming birds. The name of cuckoo in China came from a legend among ancient Sichuan people. Since the Tang Dynasty, the beautiful flower azalea which is grown widely in southern China was called “cuckoo or “cuckoo flower because its florescence coincides with the time of the cuckoo’s crying, and was gradually cultivated as ornamental plants in gardens. Since the introduction of the modern biology from the west, the connotation of Chinese name of cuckoo was further expanded, becoming a general name of Rhododendron species. Study of the change of names of animals and plants in history, is not only very interesting, but can also help us to explain some peculiarities in traditional natural history of China.
2020, 19(1): 52-64.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2019128
Abstract:
Based on the excavation and sorting of a batch of English materials, this paper combines forestry exchange between Sino-USA in the first half of the 20th century, from aspects of government, society to scholars, from education and scientific research to disaster relief and disaster prevention, from forestry talents, technology, ideology, and forestry administrative organizations to afforestation, prevention of soil erosion, and river flood control. The study believes that because China’s modern forestry is introduced from the West, the exchanges between the two sides are asymmetric. China is more to learn from the United States, and the United States has used Chinese lesson as a guide to the domestic government and society. In turn it appealed to the emphasis on forestry and the development of forestry science to provide disaster relief and disaster prevention propaganda tools for China. This is a feature of forestry science that differs from other disciplines in the process of modern Sino-West exchanges.
Based on the excavation and sorting of a batch of English materials, this paper combines forestry exchange between Sino-USA in the first half of the 20th century, from aspects of government, society to scholars, from education and scientific research to disaster relief and disaster prevention, from forestry talents, technology, ideology, and forestry administrative organizations to afforestation, prevention of soil erosion, and river flood control. The study believes that because China’s modern forestry is introduced from the West, the exchanges between the two sides are asymmetric. China is more to learn from the United States, and the United States has used Chinese lesson as a guide to the domestic government and society. In turn it appealed to the emphasis on forestry and the development of forestry science to provide disaster relief and disaster prevention propaganda tools for China. This is a feature of forestry science that differs from other disciplines in the process of modern Sino-West exchanges.
2020, 19(1): 65-71.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2019125
Abstract:
China is an ancient civilized country with a long history of agriculture. However, due to the loss of many precious ancient books, it is difficult to verify their specific book-making years, and is thus hard to clarify the origin and the earliest record of the ancient Chinese grafting. Through review and analysis of a large number of literatures, we hold that the invention of artificial grafting technology in ancient China may be inspired by natural grafting and parasitic plants or owing to the development of cutting technology. At present, textual research has proved that the earliest reliable record of artificial grafting in ancient China is from chapter ‛i>Shimu in the book ofErya, which roughly came from the Spring and Autumn Period to the early Western Han Dynasty, while the more specific finishing time of the book needs to be further clarified. In addition, some errors related to the origin of plant grafting in some literatures have been discussed.
China is an ancient civilized country with a long history of agriculture. However, due to the loss of many precious ancient books, it is difficult to verify their specific book-making years, and is thus hard to clarify the origin and the earliest record of the ancient Chinese grafting. Through review and analysis of a large number of literatures, we hold that the invention of artificial grafting technology in ancient China may be inspired by natural grafting and parasitic plants or owing to the development of cutting technology. At present, textual research has proved that the earliest reliable record of artificial grafting in ancient China is from chapter ‛i>Shimu in the book ofErya, which roughly came from the Spring and Autumn Period to the early Western Han Dynasty, while the more specific finishing time of the book needs to be further clarified. In addition, some errors related to the origin of plant grafting in some literatures have been discussed.
2020, 19(1): 72-77.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2019144
Abstract:
Zuoyinyuan was a private garden built by WANG Tingne in the 28th year (1600 A.D.) of Wanli’s reign of the Ming Dynasty. It covered a large area and had many scenic spots. Today, there are still some uncertainties in the owner and the site of the garden, that need to be clarified. In this paper, we analyzed three newly found books, Concise Family Tree of Wang, Yingchuan Yueyintang Family Tree of Wang, and Huancuitang Huagunji. It is found that the family members and their descendants of WANG Tingne were arranged clearly in the books. At the same time, WANG Tingne has been proved to be WANG Shiqi natural son and not adopted son, which is a correction to the long-time misunderstanding of WANG Tingne’s identity. New evidences have been given on the site of Zuoyinyuan, which further proved that the Zuoyinyuan was sited at Wangcun Village of Wan’an Town, Xiuning County, Anhui Province (today’s Chenkeng Village, Xintan Town of the Huangshan Economic Development Zone).
Zuoyinyuan was a private garden built by WANG Tingne in the 28th year (1600 A.D.) of Wanli’s reign of the Ming Dynasty. It covered a large area and had many scenic spots. Today, there are still some uncertainties in the owner and the site of the garden, that need to be clarified. In this paper, we analyzed three newly found books, Concise Family Tree of Wang, Yingchuan Yueyintang Family Tree of Wang, and Huancuitang Huagunji. It is found that the family members and their descendants of WANG Tingne were arranged clearly in the books. At the same time, WANG Tingne has been proved to be WANG Shiqi natural son and not adopted son, which is a correction to the long-time misunderstanding of WANG Tingne’s identity. New evidences have been given on the site of Zuoyinyuan, which further proved that the Zuoyinyuan was sited at Wangcun Village of Wan’an Town, Xiuning County, Anhui Province (today’s Chenkeng Village, Xintan Town of the Huangshan Economic Development Zone).
2020, 19(1): 78-83.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2019150
Abstract:
Sir William Temple’s garden theory has always been neglected in the current academic research. In fact, Temple systematically discussed the origins, ethical significance and aesthetic form of gardens inUpon the Gardens of Epicurus,or of Gardening. From the point of view of etiology, he regarded gardens as an ideal place to treat people’s excessive desires. Although he agreed with Epicurean theory of retreating from public affairs, he expounded the ethics thoughts of gardens from political virtue, obedience with nature and free choice. In terms of the beauty of gardens, he believed that beauty lies in form, and this form includes not only the regular form of the Europe, but also the irregular beauty of China. Temple’s garden theory has certain guiding significance for the construction of sanatorium garden and private garden in China.
Sir William Temple’s garden theory has always been neglected in the current academic research. In fact, Temple systematically discussed the origins, ethical significance and aesthetic form of gardens inUpon the Gardens of Epicurus,or of Gardening. From the point of view of etiology, he regarded gardens as an ideal place to treat people’s excessive desires. Although he agreed with Epicurean theory of retreating from public affairs, he expounded the ethics thoughts of gardens from political virtue, obedience with nature and free choice. In terms of the beauty of gardens, he believed that beauty lies in form, and this form includes not only the regular form of the Europe, but also the irregular beauty of China. Temple’s garden theory has certain guiding significance for the construction of sanatorium garden and private garden in China.
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