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2019 Vol. 18, No. 1
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2019, 18(1): 5-12.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2018153
Abstract:
A planning system is one of the necessary policy tools for construction and management of national parks, and should be regarded as an important part of establishing the national park system with Chinese characteristics. In order to build a unified, standardized and efficient national park system with Chinese characteristics, according to China's national conditions and management needs, combined with domestic and foreign experience, the national park planning system is designed as two sequences and four levels. One sequence is of macro level, including national development planning and special planning, which is the top design of national park strategy; the other sequence is at the level of the entity national park, which is composed of master planning, special planning, management planning and annual implementation planning. The role of planning at all levels is equally important. By discussing the functions, objectives, tasks and organic relation of planning at each level, this paper puts forward the core factors and key points to be considered, and suggests that planning should be the core of adaptive management of national parks. Based on the above conclusions, proposals on management are put forward to improve the management level of national parks, so as to promote the planning system of national parks in China.
A planning system is one of the necessary policy tools for construction and management of national parks, and should be regarded as an important part of establishing the national park system with Chinese characteristics. In order to build a unified, standardized and efficient national park system with Chinese characteristics, according to China's national conditions and management needs, combined with domestic and foreign experience, the national park planning system is designed as two sequences and four levels. One sequence is of macro level, including national development planning and special planning, which is the top design of national park strategy; the other sequence is at the level of the entity national park, which is composed of master planning, special planning, management planning and annual implementation planning. The role of planning at all levels is equally important. By discussing the functions, objectives, tasks and organic relation of planning at each level, this paper puts forward the core factors and key points to be considered, and suggests that planning should be the core of adaptive management of national parks. Based on the above conclusions, proposals on management are put forward to improve the management level of national parks, so as to promote the planning system of national parks in China.
2019, 18(1): 13-21.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2018141
Abstract:
"The strictest protection" has become hot words in the field of ecological management in China in the past years. A nature reserves system composed mainly of national parks is developing in China, and the question how will"the strictest protection" be realized in these nature reserves is now being raised. In fact, the word "protection" has changed to "conservation" in the management of protected areas and the latter is the mainstream idea to instruct laws and actions in the majority of countries. In this paper, we summarize the experience of conservation in American and Hong Kong protected areas. As far as the protected areas in China are concerned, based on the constraint of "large in population and complicated in land property" and the diverse relation between humans and biosphere, "mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, grasslands and human" should be considered as a community of life and requires systematic governance. Based on the scientific itemized conservation requirements of the protected area and LAC theory, a negative and positive behavior list of local residents and government and visitors should be given. Meanwhile, necessary management systems and its innovations (i.e. conservation easement, green brand concession) are also needed for developing an eco-friendly growth models. At last, the achievements of conservation will benefit all people, local habitants as priority, which could promote well-coordinated ecological conservation. "The strictest protection" should be interpreted and executed as "the strictest conservation based on science" in China from now on.
"The strictest protection" has become hot words in the field of ecological management in China in the past years. A nature reserves system composed mainly of national parks is developing in China, and the question how will"the strictest protection" be realized in these nature reserves is now being raised. In fact, the word "protection" has changed to "conservation" in the management of protected areas and the latter is the mainstream idea to instruct laws and actions in the majority of countries. In this paper, we summarize the experience of conservation in American and Hong Kong protected areas. As far as the protected areas in China are concerned, based on the constraint of "large in population and complicated in land property" and the diverse relation between humans and biosphere, "mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, grasslands and human" should be considered as a community of life and requires systematic governance. Based on the scientific itemized conservation requirements of the protected area and LAC theory, a negative and positive behavior list of local residents and government and visitors should be given. Meanwhile, necessary management systems and its innovations (i.e. conservation easement, green brand concession) are also needed for developing an eco-friendly growth models. At last, the achievements of conservation will benefit all people, local habitants as priority, which could promote well-coordinated ecological conservation. "The strictest protection" should be interpreted and executed as "the strictest conservation based on science" in China from now on.
2019, 18(1): 22-25.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2018226
Abstract:
Recreation and tourism are always an important topic in the establishment and management of nature reserves such as national parks, and are also the most important way to promote sustainable use. The National Park proposes a new concept of adhering to ecological protection as top priorty, adhering to national representativeness, and adhering to the public welfare of the whole people. It will help to promote the transformation of tourism from "ticket economy" to public welfare, from general tourism activities to recreation activities, and from extensive tourism activities to sustainable ecotourism. To achieve sustainable tourism development, national parks must follow the control requirements of ecological space, demonstrate the concept of the main functional area, accelerate the rationalization of the national park management system, improve the national park capital guarantee mechanism, implement the franchise system, and strengthen the management of tourism activities and services. A series of safeguard systems such as facility construction, community coordination, ecological compensation, and visitor management will be established to ensure that the recreation function of the national park is effectively utilized.
Recreation and tourism are always an important topic in the establishment and management of nature reserves such as national parks, and are also the most important way to promote sustainable use. The National Park proposes a new concept of adhering to ecological protection as top priorty, adhering to national representativeness, and adhering to the public welfare of the whole people. It will help to promote the transformation of tourism from "ticket economy" to public welfare, from general tourism activities to recreation activities, and from extensive tourism activities to sustainable ecotourism. To achieve sustainable tourism development, national parks must follow the control requirements of ecological space, demonstrate the concept of the main functional area, accelerate the rationalization of the national park management system, improve the national park capital guarantee mechanism, implement the franchise system, and strengthen the management of tourism activities and services. A series of safeguard systems such as facility construction, community coordination, ecological compensation, and visitor management will be established to ensure that the recreation function of the national park is effectively utilized.
2019, 18(1): 26-37.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2018143
Abstract:
Public participation is an attempt by development partners to broadly consult and involve the public as to where projects should be situated. As bottom-up management, it is also a management strategy to increase public enthusiasm and initiative, which has become a key concept and common practice for management of protected areas across the world. So research on public participation has been a focus in the field of protected area governance. Based on the relevant academic publications collected from the Web of Science database, this paper synthesizes the research origins, profiles, contents, perspectives and research forecast by using the software Citespace 5. 0. R7 and systematic review methods. First, we investigate the general characteristics of these studies. This research shows that public participation was first introduced as a research topic in protected areas in the end of 20th century, then developed slowly in the early 21st, and the literatures emerged in large numbers after 2009. Most research has been carried out in United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Germany and so on, and these studies show an extension from nature conservation to ecosystem management, environmental change, environmental governance, and stakeholders related to protected areas, demonstrating a development process from a single problem to a multi-dimensional study. And most of the studies used qualitative methods. Second, we analyze the theoretical bases of all the papers and find that theoretical research mainly involves two aspects, one is to introduce other theories into the protected areas, such as stakeholder theory, governance theory, deliberative democracy theory and planned behavior theory; the other is to generalize the ideas embodied in public participation practice in protected areas and form a new theoretical framework. Third, we analyze the actual research content of these papers from four aspects. The first aspect is to analyze the values underlying public participation in protected area affairs. For this aspect, foreign researchers put forward the idea that effective public participation can not only balance the interests between the public and the government to achieve the dual value of the two, but also contribute to the sustainable development of each areas. The second aspect analyzes the limitations and shortcomings in public participation in protected areas. Some studies reveal that public participation can divide stakeholders, making it really difficult for any effective coalition of stakeholders to emerge, leaving out a large barrier-cost, diffuse citizen goodwill and so on. The third aspect is influencing factors of public participation. The fourth aspect is the evaluation of public participation. Fourth, we evaluate the status of international research and find that the papers involve a wide range of objectives. Whether it is the analysis of specific cases or the discussion of basic theories, it begins to deepen and refine, and the research methods tend to be diverse. But there are still some limitations emerged in the current research. In conclusion, the study suggests that future research should pay attention to the following matters: improving the theoretical system of public participation of protected areas and then realizing the universal application of research results, building the overall mechanism of public participation of protected areas; deepening the research methods and practical application research to increase reference, and exploring the paths of public participation of protected areas with Chinese characteristics.
Public participation is an attempt by development partners to broadly consult and involve the public as to where projects should be situated. As bottom-up management, it is also a management strategy to increase public enthusiasm and initiative, which has become a key concept and common practice for management of protected areas across the world. So research on public participation has been a focus in the field of protected area governance. Based on the relevant academic publications collected from the Web of Science database, this paper synthesizes the research origins, profiles, contents, perspectives and research forecast by using the software Citespace 5. 0. R7 and systematic review methods. First, we investigate the general characteristics of these studies. This research shows that public participation was first introduced as a research topic in protected areas in the end of 20th century, then developed slowly in the early 21st, and the literatures emerged in large numbers after 2009. Most research has been carried out in United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Germany and so on, and these studies show an extension from nature conservation to ecosystem management, environmental change, environmental governance, and stakeholders related to protected areas, demonstrating a development process from a single problem to a multi-dimensional study. And most of the studies used qualitative methods. Second, we analyze the theoretical bases of all the papers and find that theoretical research mainly involves two aspects, one is to introduce other theories into the protected areas, such as stakeholder theory, governance theory, deliberative democracy theory and planned behavior theory; the other is to generalize the ideas embodied in public participation practice in protected areas and form a new theoretical framework. Third, we analyze the actual research content of these papers from four aspects. The first aspect is to analyze the values underlying public participation in protected area affairs. For this aspect, foreign researchers put forward the idea that effective public participation can not only balance the interests between the public and the government to achieve the dual value of the two, but also contribute to the sustainable development of each areas. The second aspect analyzes the limitations and shortcomings in public participation in protected areas. Some studies reveal that public participation can divide stakeholders, making it really difficult for any effective coalition of stakeholders to emerge, leaving out a large barrier-cost, diffuse citizen goodwill and so on. The third aspect is influencing factors of public participation. The fourth aspect is the evaluation of public participation. Fourth, we evaluate the status of international research and find that the papers involve a wide range of objectives. Whether it is the analysis of specific cases or the discussion of basic theories, it begins to deepen and refine, and the research methods tend to be diverse. But there are still some limitations emerged in the current research. In conclusion, the study suggests that future research should pay attention to the following matters: improving the theoretical system of public participation of protected areas and then realizing the universal application of research results, building the overall mechanism of public participation of protected areas; deepening the research methods and practical application research to increase reference, and exploring the paths of public participation of protected areas with Chinese characteristics.
2019, 18(1): 38-44.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2018214
Abstract:
Establishing "a protected area system dominated by national park" is currently a significant strategy adopted by Chinese governments to realize the goal of building ecological civilization and "Beautiful China", and also one of the directions and goals to restructure the protected area system of China in the future. At present, the Chinese government is just starting to build its national park system, and it is practically very urgent and significant to discuss what the connotation of the national-park-dominated protected area system is, what categories it covers, and how to build it. It is argued in this paper that the domination status of national parks in the future protected area of China is embodied not in its amount, but mainly in the top value of what they are designated to reserve, the highest strictness of protection, its domination in area, the level of protection, and its advantage in providing nature education for the public over other protected area categories. Based on the existing studies and following the principles of being in accordance with the IUCN standards, being compatible with the existing classification and the least re-structuring cost, the author proposes a modified protected area system, which is composed of 3 categories, 6 sub-categories, and 14 types of protected area. With regard to the establishment path of the new system, the following suggestions are proposed, which follow the sequence: identify the potential area for establishing national parks, either from up to bottom or from bottom to up; figure out the list of candidate national parks through scientific consideration; highlight the core value of candidate national parks and confirm their management border; forge a team of professional management staff; make development plan and form guarantee mechanisms; periodically monitor and assess the management performance of national parks.
Establishing "a protected area system dominated by national park" is currently a significant strategy adopted by Chinese governments to realize the goal of building ecological civilization and "Beautiful China", and also one of the directions and goals to restructure the protected area system of China in the future. At present, the Chinese government is just starting to build its national park system, and it is practically very urgent and significant to discuss what the connotation of the national-park-dominated protected area system is, what categories it covers, and how to build it. It is argued in this paper that the domination status of national parks in the future protected area of China is embodied not in its amount, but mainly in the top value of what they are designated to reserve, the highest strictness of protection, its domination in area, the level of protection, and its advantage in providing nature education for the public over other protected area categories. Based on the existing studies and following the principles of being in accordance with the IUCN standards, being compatible with the existing classification and the least re-structuring cost, the author proposes a modified protected area system, which is composed of 3 categories, 6 sub-categories, and 14 types of protected area. With regard to the establishment path of the new system, the following suggestions are proposed, which follow the sequence: identify the potential area for establishing national parks, either from up to bottom or from bottom to up; figure out the list of candidate national parks through scientific consideration; highlight the core value of candidate national parks and confirm their management border; forge a team of professional management staff; make development plan and form guarantee mechanisms; periodically monitor and assess the management performance of national parks.
2019, 18(1): 45-51.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2018136
Abstract:
In this paper, we summarized and analyzed the national park system of ten countries, namely the United States, Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Japan, and South Korea. Results are shown as follows. As for the concept definition and entry conditions of national parks, the definition from the IUCN is basically adopted by each country. In the entry conditions of national parks, they mostly focus on three aspects, which are resource's peculiarity and significance, little impact of human activities, and the attraction of landscape and ecological environment. As for the management system of national parks, there are many features. Firstly, in legal system, each country has developed special laws and regulations, which are well combinative with other relevant laws and regulations. Secondly, in management mechanism, there are three types, which are from top to bottom, local self-government, and the combined type. Thirdly, in fund, national parks of most countries are funded mainly by state financial allocations. Fourthly, in operation and management mechanism, there are four features, which are separation in management and administration, low price tickets, strengthening community participation and paying attention to environmental protection. All of these things can give important enlightenment for the establishment of national parks in China.
In this paper, we summarized and analyzed the national park system of ten countries, namely the United States, Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Japan, and South Korea. Results are shown as follows. As for the concept definition and entry conditions of national parks, the definition from the IUCN is basically adopted by each country. In the entry conditions of national parks, they mostly focus on three aspects, which are resource's peculiarity and significance, little impact of human activities, and the attraction of landscape and ecological environment. As for the management system of national parks, there are many features. Firstly, in legal system, each country has developed special laws and regulations, which are well combinative with other relevant laws and regulations. Secondly, in management mechanism, there are three types, which are from top to bottom, local self-government, and the combined type. Thirdly, in fund, national parks of most countries are funded mainly by state financial allocations. Fourthly, in operation and management mechanism, there are four features, which are separation in management and administration, low price tickets, strengthening community participation and paying attention to environmental protection. All of these things can give important enlightenment for the establishment of national parks in China.
2019, 18(1): 52-59.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2018194
Abstract:
National parks are recognized globally as one of the successfully protected areas. Under the international background of increasing awareness of marine protection, many countries and regions have established marine island national parks. The establishment of marine island national parks is not only a reflection of the harmonious coexistence of human and sea, but also an inevitable trend of land and sea coordination. By combing and analyzing the characteristics of marine island national parks in different parts of the world, it is concluded that: whether it is a large-scale wild-type marine island national park represented by the United States, Canada and Australia, a medium-scale semi-rural marine island national park represented by Britain, France and Germany, or a small-scale natural and cultural complex marine national park represented by Japan and South Korea, it has its own advantages in construction, management, ecological protection and public sightseeing and recreation. China has a total coastline of 32 000 km and 11 000 islands, thus it has great potential to establish marine island national parks.
National parks are recognized globally as one of the successfully protected areas. Under the international background of increasing awareness of marine protection, many countries and regions have established marine island national parks. The establishment of marine island national parks is not only a reflection of the harmonious coexistence of human and sea, but also an inevitable trend of land and sea coordination. By combing and analyzing the characteristics of marine island national parks in different parts of the world, it is concluded that: whether it is a large-scale wild-type marine island national park represented by the United States, Canada and Australia, a medium-scale semi-rural marine island national park represented by Britain, France and Germany, or a small-scale natural and cultural complex marine national park represented by Japan and South Korea, it has its own advantages in construction, management, ecological protection and public sightseeing and recreation. China has a total coastline of 32 000 km and 11 000 islands, thus it has great potential to establish marine island national parks.
2019, 18(1): 60-69.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2018195
Abstract:
Governance of natural protected area is one of the key points in ecological civilization building, and government-dominant governance is the main mode of managing natural protected area. National Wild and Scenic Rivers System (NWSRS) of the United States of America is the earliest river protected system in the world, and its governance mode is the representative of the river protection. On the basis of the framework of the protected area management system, using in-depth interview and comparison, we explored the governance mode of NWSRS. The results show: the governance mode of NWSRS has obvious centralization characteristics in three aspects of legal system, institutional governance and property rights, and also has decentralization characteristics in terms of resource ownership, governance subject and financial support. Its governance is a non-fully federal government governance mode. Those, established and managed by river, respecting rights and moderately decentralizing, maintaining large patterns and changing details, are the innovation of a fully centralized governance mode represented by National Parks System. China's governance on protected areas adopts a "sub-sector governance" mode, which is quite different from the "multi-sector governance" mode of non-fully federal government governance mode. Drawing lessons from WSRS's incomplete centralized governance mode, we can provide references for Chinese Natural Protected Land System in terms of selecting governance types, respecting rights, changing responsibilities and so on.
Governance of natural protected area is one of the key points in ecological civilization building, and government-dominant governance is the main mode of managing natural protected area. National Wild and Scenic Rivers System (NWSRS) of the United States of America is the earliest river protected system in the world, and its governance mode is the representative of the river protection. On the basis of the framework of the protected area management system, using in-depth interview and comparison, we explored the governance mode of NWSRS. The results show: the governance mode of NWSRS has obvious centralization characteristics in three aspects of legal system, institutional governance and property rights, and also has decentralization characteristics in terms of resource ownership, governance subject and financial support. Its governance is a non-fully federal government governance mode. Those, established and managed by river, respecting rights and moderately decentralizing, maintaining large patterns and changing details, are the innovation of a fully centralized governance mode represented by National Parks System. China's governance on protected areas adopts a "sub-sector governance" mode, which is quite different from the "multi-sector governance" mode of non-fully federal government governance mode. Drawing lessons from WSRS's incomplete centralized governance mode, we can provide references for Chinese Natural Protected Land System in terms of selecting governance types, respecting rights, changing responsibilities and so on.
2019, 18(1): 70-79.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2018159
Abstract:
Establishing a hierarchical and unified management system is one of the core objectives of China's national park system. Facing a pressure of man-land contradiction in the context of large population, intensively distributed communities, complex land ownership, and a high proportion of collective land, China needs to explore a flexible and refined way to realize unified management in national parks. Conservation easement, originated from the U.S., is a new tool featured by fully respecting reasonable human-land relationship and servants' legal rights, emphasizing ecological compensation with refined conservation needs, and without changing land proprietary rights. It can be used to integrate land resources fragmented by decentralized property rights but are actually continuous ecological elements and geographic landscape, and finally supports to realize an efficient and unified management.From experiences of the United States, conservation easement has two advantages.First, without changing land proprietary rights, a conservation easement is an effective tool to develop optimal conservation strategies for protection targets which rely on the human-nature compound system. Second, when the budget is limited or land owner is not willing to sell the land, by restricting part of the bundle rights, a conservation easement can be used to find a compromise and achieve a balance between conservation and development. In this study, we hold that although China's land property right system is different from the private ownership of western countries, conservation easement can be integrated with Chinese legal system by reasonably adjusting its legal principles and improving supporting systems. It is suggested to establish a conservation easement system for China's national parks with Chinese characteristics by adjusting and improving relevant laws, constructing supporting institutional mechanisms, clearly defining behavior boundaries for resource utilization, developing implementation effectiveness evaluation criteria, and establishing positive and negative feedback mechanisms. With all these measures, conservation easement will contribute to a unified management of Chinese national parks.
Establishing a hierarchical and unified management system is one of the core objectives of China's national park system. Facing a pressure of man-land contradiction in the context of large population, intensively distributed communities, complex land ownership, and a high proportion of collective land, China needs to explore a flexible and refined way to realize unified management in national parks. Conservation easement, originated from the U.S., is a new tool featured by fully respecting reasonable human-land relationship and servants' legal rights, emphasizing ecological compensation with refined conservation needs, and without changing land proprietary rights. It can be used to integrate land resources fragmented by decentralized property rights but are actually continuous ecological elements and geographic landscape, and finally supports to realize an efficient and unified management.From experiences of the United States, conservation easement has two advantages.First, without changing land proprietary rights, a conservation easement is an effective tool to develop optimal conservation strategies for protection targets which rely on the human-nature compound system. Second, when the budget is limited or land owner is not willing to sell the land, by restricting part of the bundle rights, a conservation easement can be used to find a compromise and achieve a balance between conservation and development. In this study, we hold that although China's land property right system is different from the private ownership of western countries, conservation easement can be integrated with Chinese legal system by reasonably adjusting its legal principles and improving supporting systems. It is suggested to establish a conservation easement system for China's national parks with Chinese characteristics by adjusting and improving relevant laws, constructing supporting institutional mechanisms, clearly defining behavior boundaries for resource utilization, developing implementation effectiveness evaluation criteria, and establishing positive and negative feedback mechanisms. With all these measures, conservation easement will contribute to a unified management of Chinese national parks.
2019, 18(1): 80-87.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2018137
Abstract:
The overall plan for the establishment of national parks puts forward a clear proposal on the establishment of concession management system, but the legal basis of concession, concession project, concessioner selection, how to supervise the concessioner operation to ensure the ecological protection of the national parks, the standard of franchise fee and basis and the challenges are still not very clear. Taking the case of three national park management models, such as centralization represented by US, local autonomy represented by Australia, and integrated management represented by Canada and Japan, we find that the foreign countries all clearly put forward the principles of "necessity and appropriateness" as well as "suitability and efficiency" for concession operations involved in seven types of projects, and there are also strict regulations in the law for the franchisee's qualifications, abilities, project supervision and evaluation agencies. The ways of formulating franchise fees in different countries can be divided into single standard and compound standard, but are all based on the accounting principle of "budget for revenues and expenditures ". Although foreign countries have accumulated rich experience, the increasingly reduced financial allocation, operating cost pressure and contract conflicts have also posed challenge to concession. Our findings would provide reference to the formulation of the concession system of China's national parks.
The overall plan for the establishment of national parks puts forward a clear proposal on the establishment of concession management system, but the legal basis of concession, concession project, concessioner selection, how to supervise the concessioner operation to ensure the ecological protection of the national parks, the standard of franchise fee and basis and the challenges are still not very clear. Taking the case of three national park management models, such as centralization represented by US, local autonomy represented by Australia, and integrated management represented by Canada and Japan, we find that the foreign countries all clearly put forward the principles of "necessity and appropriateness" as well as "suitability and efficiency" for concession operations involved in seven types of projects, and there are also strict regulations in the law for the franchisee's qualifications, abilities, project supervision and evaluation agencies. The ways of formulating franchise fees in different countries can be divided into single standard and compound standard, but are all based on the accounting principle of "budget for revenues and expenditures ". Although foreign countries have accumulated rich experience, the increasingly reduced financial allocation, operating cost pressure and contract conflicts have also posed challenge to concession. Our findings would provide reference to the formulation of the concession system of China's national parks.
2019, 18(1): 88-92.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2018207
Abstract:
Since the founding of the Yellowstone National Park in America, the national park has been the focus of concerns as an emerging public resource management in the world. It is considered as not only one of internationally confirmed natural protected areas but also a political meaning-contained social space produced by the state, market and society. The driving forces from state, market and society have significant differences in the demands, positions and actions on national parks, particularly in the early stage from 1862 to 1916, and have produced deep effects on the later strategic positioning and construction of national park system in America. Looked upon as the origin of national parks, it would mirror the development of governance system and modernization of national parks in China.
Since the founding of the Yellowstone National Park in America, the national park has been the focus of concerns as an emerging public resource management in the world. It is considered as not only one of internationally confirmed natural protected areas but also a political meaning-contained social space produced by the state, market and society. The driving forces from state, market and society have significant differences in the demands, positions and actions on national parks, particularly in the early stage from 1862 to 1916, and have produced deep effects on the later strategic positioning and construction of national park system in America. Looked upon as the origin of national parks, it would mirror the development of governance system and modernization of national parks in China.
2019, 18(1): 93-102.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2018206
Abstract:
Through a social survey, we applied a social-ecological analysis framework based on benefit perception to analyze multi-stakeholders' recognition of the meaning of ecosystem, the definition of benefit and their attitude towards potential management rules under national park management. Based on the interview with scholars, managers, visitors and community residents, we find that different stakeholders have explicit but different understanding of the same ecosystem. Scholars and managers hold a macroscopic view from the perspective of research and management which transcends individual benefit, while visitors and residents focus more on direct, personal benefit. Residents engaged with different livelihoods assess the importance of ecosystem services based on the spatial distribution of production and everyday life, and the temporal change of rules. Livelihood priority determines the meaning of ecosystem and residents have the request of converting ecological and cultural values to economic benefit. Their requests for ecosystem management reflect their expectation of perceived benefit, based on their judgment on the current management of the realised benefit. Stakeholders have agreement on the rationality and feasibility of rules which work for the spacious area and restricted mass behaviour; however, scholars and managers are cautious in judging rules to restrict the utilization of natural resources, and residents have the potential of violating these rules. Therefore, we believe that stakeholders' attitude towards benefit sharing rules depends on whether the application of rules affects their prioritised ecosystem meanings. Based on this understanding, we propose a dynamic negotiation space to guide cognitive convergence among stakeholders in order to improve their acceptance of rules and to guarantee the robustness of the social-ecological system.
Through a social survey, we applied a social-ecological analysis framework based on benefit perception to analyze multi-stakeholders' recognition of the meaning of ecosystem, the definition of benefit and their attitude towards potential management rules under national park management. Based on the interview with scholars, managers, visitors and community residents, we find that different stakeholders have explicit but different understanding of the same ecosystem. Scholars and managers hold a macroscopic view from the perspective of research and management which transcends individual benefit, while visitors and residents focus more on direct, personal benefit. Residents engaged with different livelihoods assess the importance of ecosystem services based on the spatial distribution of production and everyday life, and the temporal change of rules. Livelihood priority determines the meaning of ecosystem and residents have the request of converting ecological and cultural values to economic benefit. Their requests for ecosystem management reflect their expectation of perceived benefit, based on their judgment on the current management of the realised benefit. Stakeholders have agreement on the rationality and feasibility of rules which work for the spacious area and restricted mass behaviour; however, scholars and managers are cautious in judging rules to restrict the utilization of natural resources, and residents have the potential of violating these rules. Therefore, we believe that stakeholders' attitude towards benefit sharing rules depends on whether the application of rules affects their prioritised ecosystem meanings. Based on this understanding, we propose a dynamic negotiation space to guide cognitive convergence among stakeholders in order to improve their acceptance of rules and to guarantee the robustness of the social-ecological system.
2019, 18(1): 103-107.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2018219
Abstract:
The mining industry inside national parks poses serious threats to the overall ecosystem; therefore, understanding the types and level of such effects plays a pivotal role in the management of national parks. Through reviewing published research articles of this field at home and abroad, we summarized the main problems associated with the mining industries in the national parks of China. Based on the management objectives of a national park and associated mining problems, we established a set of evaluation standard indicators and method for mining industry withdrawal from the national parks. We also proposed some methods for the national parks land management after the removal of the mining industry. Findings of this study will help the government and non-government organizations in designing the withdrawal policies of mining industries and management of national parks.
The mining industry inside national parks poses serious threats to the overall ecosystem; therefore, understanding the types and level of such effects plays a pivotal role in the management of national parks. Through reviewing published research articles of this field at home and abroad, we summarized the main problems associated with the mining industries in the national parks of China. Based on the management objectives of a national park and associated mining problems, we established a set of evaluation standard indicators and method for mining industry withdrawal from the national parks. We also proposed some methods for the national parks land management after the removal of the mining industry. Findings of this study will help the government and non-government organizations in designing the withdrawal policies of mining industries and management of national parks.
2019, 18(1): 108-117.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2018144
Abstract:
The pilot work of the Giant Panda National Park faces various challenges such as the protection of wildlife under habitat fragmentation and the increasing domestic demand for tourism. Based on the network text analysis method, the Giant Panda National Park is taken as a case to analyze the influencing factors and adaptation behavior of tourists' congestion perception. We collect online texts of the Chengdu Giant Panda Breeding Base, Bifengxia and Wanglang Nature Reserves, which are representative and often carry out recreation activities in the Giant Panda National Park, and by using ROST Content Mining 6 computer analysis software and NVivo 8 qualitative analysis software, combined with content analysis and qualitative subject analysis, we analyzed the crowded perception-related text. The text data covers 1711 comments from 2011 to 2018, for a total of 132354 words. The study found that the individual and travel characteristics, scene characteristics and population density of tourists are three important factors affecting the crowd's perception of congestion. As a feedback behavior to the crowded situation, the adaptation response is a special factor influencing congestion perception and an important part of the comment text. Finally, based on the in-depth analysis of tourists in the Giant Panda National Park, relevant suggestions for handling the problem of crowding in national park type tourism destinations are put forward, to promote the national park to achieve the dual goals of wildlife protection and destination recreation management.
The pilot work of the Giant Panda National Park faces various challenges such as the protection of wildlife under habitat fragmentation and the increasing domestic demand for tourism. Based on the network text analysis method, the Giant Panda National Park is taken as a case to analyze the influencing factors and adaptation behavior of tourists' congestion perception. We collect online texts of the Chengdu Giant Panda Breeding Base, Bifengxia and Wanglang Nature Reserves, which are representative and often carry out recreation activities in the Giant Panda National Park, and by using ROST Content Mining 6 computer analysis software and NVivo 8 qualitative analysis software, combined with content analysis and qualitative subject analysis, we analyzed the crowded perception-related text. The text data covers 1711 comments from 2011 to 2018, for a total of 132354 words. The study found that the individual and travel characteristics, scene characteristics and population density of tourists are three important factors affecting the crowd's perception of congestion. As a feedback behavior to the crowded situation, the adaptation response is a special factor influencing congestion perception and an important part of the comment text. Finally, based on the in-depth analysis of tourists in the Giant Panda National Park, relevant suggestions for handling the problem of crowding in national park type tourism destinations are put forward, to promote the national park to achieve the dual goals of wildlife protection and destination recreation management.
2019, 18(1): 118-123.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2018145
Abstract:
Establishing the national park system pilot area is an important measure for the construction of ecological civilization in China, and it is also a hot spot for future parent-child recreation. At present, the research on the experience of parent-child recreation in national parks at home and abroad is still in its infancy. Taking the experimental area of Wuyishan National Park in Fujian Province as an example, we use the text data of the parent-child tourist review website as a sample, apply the Python technology to extract high-frequency words, and use web text analysis methods to distinguish high-frequency feature words, tourist attractions and emotional experiences. The results show that the positive feelings of Wuyishan parent-child tourists are strong; natural and human landscapes, scenic spot ticket management, recreation emotions, scenic spots facilities and services are the main concerns of Wuyishan parent-child tourists. This paper provides certain theoretical and empirical research contributions to enhance the experience of Wuyishan parent-child recreation, and to promote and improve the institutional construction of the Wuyishan National Park pilot area.
Establishing the national park system pilot area is an important measure for the construction of ecological civilization in China, and it is also a hot spot for future parent-child recreation. At present, the research on the experience of parent-child recreation in national parks at home and abroad is still in its infancy. Taking the experimental area of Wuyishan National Park in Fujian Province as an example, we use the text data of the parent-child tourist review website as a sample, apply the Python technology to extract high-frequency words, and use web text analysis methods to distinguish high-frequency feature words, tourist attractions and emotional experiences. The results show that the positive feelings of Wuyishan parent-child tourists are strong; natural and human landscapes, scenic spot ticket management, recreation emotions, scenic spots facilities and services are the main concerns of Wuyishan parent-child tourists. This paper provides certain theoretical and empirical research contributions to enhance the experience of Wuyishan parent-child recreation, and to promote and improve the institutional construction of the Wuyishan National Park pilot area.
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