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2016 Vol. 15, No. 2
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2016, 15(2): 1-6.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2015101
Abstract:
Promoted by the GIAHS project initiated by FAO and China-NIAHS project initiated by Chinese Ministry of Agriculture, the boom of the protection, development and research on agroforestry cultural heritage has been raised in China. The protection and development of forestry cultural heritage systems show the important and practical significances, such as advancing national culture, conserving historical heritage, deepening the study of forestry science, saving the important forestry resources, innovating modern forestry economic development, promoting regional economic, social and cultural development, maintaining biodiversity, and enhancing the construction of new rural communities and ecological civilization in contemporary China. Based on the framework of the China-NIAHS project, forestry cultural heritage systems have two distinct characteristics that are ecological and regional. All the systems can be divided into 3 categories of technical, species and landscape if based on the concrete content. Regarding the strategies of protection and development, strengthening the data survey and personalized protection are two important measures if the policies are completely formulated.
Promoted by the GIAHS project initiated by FAO and China-NIAHS project initiated by Chinese Ministry of Agriculture, the boom of the protection, development and research on agroforestry cultural heritage has been raised in China. The protection and development of forestry cultural heritage systems show the important and practical significances, such as advancing national culture, conserving historical heritage, deepening the study of forestry science, saving the important forestry resources, innovating modern forestry economic development, promoting regional economic, social and cultural development, maintaining biodiversity, and enhancing the construction of new rural communities and ecological civilization in contemporary China. Based on the framework of the China-NIAHS project, forestry cultural heritage systems have two distinct characteristics that are ecological and regional. All the systems can be divided into 3 categories of technical, species and landscape if based on the concrete content. Regarding the strategies of protection and development, strengthening the data survey and personalized protection are two important measures if the policies are completely formulated.
2016, 15(2): 7-11.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2015127
Abstract:
The fundamental viewpoints of near naturalism art creation were concisely summarized, based on the viewpoint of naturalism art creation combining with the process of wood carving practice. The various structures of natural wood were newly concluded from the perspective of material tectonics of wood carving, especially on the natural properties and characteristics closely related to wood carving such as wood three sections, heartwood and sapwood, grain, and figure. Further, the path and thought of near naturalism art creation were expounded while taking the representative works of wood carving as examples. In sum: 1) The basic viewpoints of near naturalism art creation are respecting nature but not simply coping it, and following the laws of nature especially the laws of biomaterials science but not rigidly confining to material form, so that the art creation is invisibly integrating into nature materials. 2) The paths of near naturalism art creation are keeping more original and natural form, and diversifying the carving techniques and colors, aiming to pursuit more the natural entity than the artificial efforts. 3) The art creation of wood carving based on the near naturalism excels the simple imitation based on the naturalism, by utilizing wood to express the sublimation of thought and emotion that are adhering with objectives but detaching from them, and ultimately trying to attain the best exalted mood of seamless unity of man, wood and nature.
The fundamental viewpoints of near naturalism art creation were concisely summarized, based on the viewpoint of naturalism art creation combining with the process of wood carving practice. The various structures of natural wood were newly concluded from the perspective of material tectonics of wood carving, especially on the natural properties and characteristics closely related to wood carving such as wood three sections, heartwood and sapwood, grain, and figure. Further, the path and thought of near naturalism art creation were expounded while taking the representative works of wood carving as examples. In sum: 1) The basic viewpoints of near naturalism art creation are respecting nature but not simply coping it, and following the laws of nature especially the laws of biomaterials science but not rigidly confining to material form, so that the art creation is invisibly integrating into nature materials. 2) The paths of near naturalism art creation are keeping more original and natural form, and diversifying the carving techniques and colors, aiming to pursuit more the natural entity than the artificial efforts. 3) The art creation of wood carving based on the near naturalism excels the simple imitation based on the naturalism, by utilizing wood to express the sublimation of thought and emotion that are adhering with objectives but detaching from them, and ultimately trying to attain the best exalted mood of seamless unity of man, wood and nature.
2016, 15(2): 12-15.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2015054
Abstract:
Based on the relevant literatures about The Great Stalin Plan for the Transformation of Nature in English, the contents and implementation process of the Plan were sorted. Gaining the stable production of crops had been the dream for the former Soviet Union, however, the blindly expanding the scale and forced implementation of afforestation methods that were not experimentally verified yet led the Plan to the difficulty to be implemented. The experiences and lessons by reviewing the largest-scale construction engineering of forestry ecological environment in the world may provide inspirations for the construction of forestry ecological civilization in China.
Based on the relevant literatures about The Great Stalin Plan for the Transformation of Nature in English, the contents and implementation process of the Plan were sorted. Gaining the stable production of crops had been the dream for the former Soviet Union, however, the blindly expanding the scale and forced implementation of afforestation methods that were not experimentally verified yet led the Plan to the difficulty to be implemented. The experiences and lessons by reviewing the largest-scale construction engineering of forestry ecological environment in the world may provide inspirations for the construction of forestry ecological civilization in China.
2016, 15(2): 16-21.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2015071
Abstract:
We present the forest culture in Finland from 4 aspects in order to explore the significance of unique Finnish forest culture on the construction of ecological civilizations and researches of forest culture in China. 1) The son of forest, culture activities such as religions and belief, tales, mythologies and stories tightly related with forests in Finland allow people in Finland recognized themselves as the son of forest. 2) Recreational activities in forest, contemporary Finns enjoy their recreational life by building 39 national forest parks, collecting berries and mushrooms freely and spending their holidays in the cottages nearby lakes. 3) Forestry products, Finns utilize the forest resources efficiently and scientifically, such as most environmentally paper mills in the world, extracting chemicals from woods, and manufacturing varieties of products in daily life, as well as constructing fireproofing and last-long wood houses. The recent most popular topic in Finland is to convert forest sources into sustainable bioenergy for replacing the mineral energy materials. 4) Management on forest, we review and summarize the history and current situations on laws and scientific management for forests in Finland.
We present the forest culture in Finland from 4 aspects in order to explore the significance of unique Finnish forest culture on the construction of ecological civilizations and researches of forest culture in China. 1) The son of forest, culture activities such as religions and belief, tales, mythologies and stories tightly related with forests in Finland allow people in Finland recognized themselves as the son of forest. 2) Recreational activities in forest, contemporary Finns enjoy their recreational life by building 39 national forest parks, collecting berries and mushrooms freely and spending their holidays in the cottages nearby lakes. 3) Forestry products, Finns utilize the forest resources efficiently and scientifically, such as most environmentally paper mills in the world, extracting chemicals from woods, and manufacturing varieties of products in daily life, as well as constructing fireproofing and last-long wood houses. The recent most popular topic in Finland is to convert forest sources into sustainable bioenergy for replacing the mineral energy materials. 4) Management on forest, we review and summarize the history and current situations on laws and scientific management for forests in Finland.
2016, 15(2): 22-25.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2015100
Abstract:
Building the values and rights of objective nature has been always the major task since the emergence of Environmental Ethics, however, the human being, i. e. , the object of moral behaviors has been ignored. Confronting the status of Environmental Ethics with no human in the context, scholars started to study Environmental Ethics from the perspective of virtue. Positive psychology is a psychological thought of studying the positive strength and virtue of human, which significantly affects the researches of Environmental Ethics. Learning the latest research achievements from positive psychology, environmental virtue ethics stresses the bringing of positive factors in environmental protection into full play, especially the positive personality traits of moral agents, so as to encourage and influence the people's friendly behaviors towards nature.
Building the values and rights of objective nature has been always the major task since the emergence of Environmental Ethics, however, the human being, i. e. , the object of moral behaviors has been ignored. Confronting the status of Environmental Ethics with no human in the context, scholars started to study Environmental Ethics from the perspective of virtue. Positive psychology is a psychological thought of studying the positive strength and virtue of human, which significantly affects the researches of Environmental Ethics. Learning the latest research achievements from positive psychology, environmental virtue ethics stresses the bringing of positive factors in environmental protection into full play, especially the positive personality traits of moral agents, so as to encourage and influence the people's friendly behaviors towards nature.
2016, 15(2): 26-32.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2015125
Abstract:
This paper convinces that the prime function of urban landscape is none other than helping people stay psychologically healthy, from the perspective of traditional cultural values (Psychosomatic Theory by PAN Shu). The contents based on the theory of Horticultural Therapy are expanded to Ecopsychological Therapy. Then the question of whether or not it is possible to transform the parts of lawn-areas into LOHAS-fields for ordinary people爷s fitness in urban parks is raised. Firstly, taking some typical cases of using gardens for physical and mental recreations during the period of Song and Ming Dynasties, the mechanisms and roles of Ecopsychological Therapy in healing psychic trauma are discussed by combining the histories of landscape, Chinese medicine, and ancient social life. Secondly, a modern urban park is taken as another case to interpret the feasibility of popularizing the LOHAS-fields in urban parks and the methods of innovating and designing the lawn landscape. Finally, the reality of growingly psychological disorder in contemporary society is summarized, which is for emphasizing the significance of popularizing Ecopsychological Therapy.
This paper convinces that the prime function of urban landscape is none other than helping people stay psychologically healthy, from the perspective of traditional cultural values (Psychosomatic Theory by PAN Shu). The contents based on the theory of Horticultural Therapy are expanded to Ecopsychological Therapy. Then the question of whether or not it is possible to transform the parts of lawn-areas into LOHAS-fields for ordinary people爷s fitness in urban parks is raised. Firstly, taking some typical cases of using gardens for physical and mental recreations during the period of Song and Ming Dynasties, the mechanisms and roles of Ecopsychological Therapy in healing psychic trauma are discussed by combining the histories of landscape, Chinese medicine, and ancient social life. Secondly, a modern urban park is taken as another case to interpret the feasibility of popularizing the LOHAS-fields in urban parks and the methods of innovating and designing the lawn landscape. Finally, the reality of growingly psychological disorder in contemporary society is summarized, which is for emphasizing the significance of popularizing Ecopsychological Therapy.
2016, 15(2): 33-40.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2015105
Abstract:
The lack of JI Cheng'personal data is the one of reasons that Yuanye is so difficult to understand. For a long time, scholars have been put their efforts to look for more of his information. After the literature analysis and field investigation, the conclusion was as: JI Qiao was the son of JI Cheng, and JI Cheng's native place was the Shengze Town in Wujiang County. JI Cheng was in the same clan as JI Dong and JI Yuan-xun. JI Cheng's residential place in Zhenjiang City was near Garden Dai.
The lack of JI Cheng'personal data is the one of reasons that Yuanye is so difficult to understand. For a long time, scholars have been put their efforts to look for more of his information. After the literature analysis and field investigation, the conclusion was as: JI Qiao was the son of JI Cheng, and JI Cheng's native place was the Shengze Town in Wujiang County. JI Cheng was in the same clan as JI Dong and JI Yuan-xun. JI Cheng's residential place in Zhenjiang City was near Garden Dai.
2016, 15(2): 41-47.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2015130
Abstract:
Mount Putuo is located in the coastal area, east of Putuo County, Zhoushan City, Zhejiang Province, its thriving started in Tang Dynasty, and it is well-known because of Guanyin belief. After the successive construction during several dynasties, this mountain with the harmonious integration of natural and cultural landscapes has become one of the famous scenic spots, called as Land of Buddha on Sky and Sea. Heavily influenced by Sea Silk Roadand Maritime Embargo, it is actually the epitome of attitude towards the sea in the past dynasties. Combining literature review with field investigation, the development of temple garden in Mount Putuo is divided into 4 periods: Myths and Legends, Sea Silk Road, Maritime Embargo, and late Qing Dynasty, aiming at restoring the actual developmental history of Mount Putuo. Based on the textual research on its construction and evolution in each period, analyzing the landscaping of mount and island reveals that the design art of landscape and garden in Mount Putuo is not only making the best use of surrounding Seaand Mountain, but also emphasizing the ideology of the other shoreof Buddhism.
Mount Putuo is located in the coastal area, east of Putuo County, Zhoushan City, Zhejiang Province, its thriving started in Tang Dynasty, and it is well-known because of Guanyin belief. After the successive construction during several dynasties, this mountain with the harmonious integration of natural and cultural landscapes has become one of the famous scenic spots, called as Land of Buddha on Sky and Sea. Heavily influenced by Sea Silk Roadand Maritime Embargo, it is actually the epitome of attitude towards the sea in the past dynasties. Combining literature review with field investigation, the development of temple garden in Mount Putuo is divided into 4 periods: Myths and Legends, Sea Silk Road, Maritime Embargo, and late Qing Dynasty, aiming at restoring the actual developmental history of Mount Putuo. Based on the textual research on its construction and evolution in each period, analyzing the landscaping of mount and island reveals that the design art of landscape and garden in Mount Putuo is not only making the best use of surrounding Seaand Mountain, but also emphasizing the ideology of the other shoreof Buddhism.
2016, 15(2): 48-53.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2016008
Abstract:
Solving the tenure disputes of collective forests is the key work in the new round of tenure reform of collective forests. However, the severe difficulties in solving the tenure disputes of collective forests hamper the further development of the reform. This paper firstly reviews the current institutional arrangement for solving the tenure disputes of collective forests. Then the paper introduces the special features of process for solving the tenure disputes of collective forests by a case study on the tenure dispute of No. 737 Mountain between group A and group B in the same village in a county of Jiangxi Province. Thirdly, the paper analyzes the problems of inefficiency and corresponding causes in the current institutions for solving tenure disputes of collective forest. Finally, the paper proposes the countermeasures and suggestions, such as improving the system's top-level design, valuing the role of informal institutions, strengthening the capacity of mediation organizations, and innovating the methods of solving disputes.
Solving the tenure disputes of collective forests is the key work in the new round of tenure reform of collective forests. However, the severe difficulties in solving the tenure disputes of collective forests hamper the further development of the reform. This paper firstly reviews the current institutional arrangement for solving the tenure disputes of collective forests. Then the paper introduces the special features of process for solving the tenure disputes of collective forests by a case study on the tenure dispute of No. 737 Mountain between group A and group B in the same village in a county of Jiangxi Province. Thirdly, the paper analyzes the problems of inefficiency and corresponding causes in the current institutions for solving tenure disputes of collective forest. Finally, the paper proposes the countermeasures and suggestions, such as improving the system's top-level design, valuing the role of informal institutions, strengthening the capacity of mediation organizations, and innovating the methods of solving disputes.
2016, 15(2): 54-58.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2015129
Abstract:
The forest transition refers to the changing process of forest area during the gradual reduction turned to a rising trend in a country or area. Since 1990s, the ecological and environmental issues such as climate change and biodiversity loss draw attentions continuously, thus the research theories and methods for forest transition has gradually become a front and hot chase in the international academic circles. Having forest transition as the theme of this article, and based on the introduction of origin of studying forest transition, as well as following the development context and internal logic of studying forest transition, the research progress on forest transition theories is sorted systematically from the aspects of deforestation environmental Kuznets curve and forest transition pathways. The major issues in the researches of forest transition are summarized, and the future directions of studying it are proposed, including studying the impact of economic globalization on forest transition, refining the research scope, and analyzing the transition of forest quality.
The forest transition refers to the changing process of forest area during the gradual reduction turned to a rising trend in a country or area. Since 1990s, the ecological and environmental issues such as climate change and biodiversity loss draw attentions continuously, thus the research theories and methods for forest transition has gradually become a front and hot chase in the international academic circles. Having forest transition as the theme of this article, and based on the introduction of origin of studying forest transition, as well as following the development context and internal logic of studying forest transition, the research progress on forest transition theories is sorted systematically from the aspects of deforestation environmental Kuznets curve and forest transition pathways. The major issues in the researches of forest transition are summarized, and the future directions of studying it are proposed, including studying the impact of economic globalization on forest transition, refining the research scope, and analyzing the transition of forest quality.
2016, 15(2): 59-69.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2015122
Abstract:
Many factors affect international competitiveness of wood-based panel. In order to fully reflect the international competitiveness of the wood-based panel industry, and to avoid missing important information and prevent excessive number of evaluation indexes, considering the availability of data and on the basis of Porter theory and related researches, the paper builds a more reasonable comprehensive evaluation index system for the international competitiveness of wood-based panel industry while infinite irrelevance method is used to screen and exclude indexes. Then, by comprehensive analysis method, the paper compares and analyzes the international competitiveness of wood-based panel among major countries with large production and trade of wood-based panel in the world. Due to the inconsistency of results by comprehensive analysis method, 3 methods of statistical method, principal component analysis, and grey relational analysis are applied to decide objective weight in comprehensive analysis. Through the comparison of the international competitiveness of wood-based panel, its advantages and disadvantages are acquired, which provides plentiful experience and methods for improving the international competitiveness of wood-based panel industry in China.
Many factors affect international competitiveness of wood-based panel. In order to fully reflect the international competitiveness of the wood-based panel industry, and to avoid missing important information and prevent excessive number of evaluation indexes, considering the availability of data and on the basis of Porter theory and related researches, the paper builds a more reasonable comprehensive evaluation index system for the international competitiveness of wood-based panel industry while infinite irrelevance method is used to screen and exclude indexes. Then, by comprehensive analysis method, the paper compares and analyzes the international competitiveness of wood-based panel among major countries with large production and trade of wood-based panel in the world. Due to the inconsistency of results by comprehensive analysis method, 3 methods of statistical method, principal component analysis, and grey relational analysis are applied to decide objective weight in comprehensive analysis. Through the comparison of the international competitiveness of wood-based panel, its advantages and disadvantages are acquired, which provides plentiful experience and methods for improving the international competitiveness of wood-based panel industry in China.
2016, 15(2): 70-74.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2015116
Abstract:
The application of management mode with negative list is such a significant approach for China's Free Trade Zone (FTZ) to conform to the international standards as well as deepen the reform and opening of economic policies in China, moreover, forestry management is the essential part of it. Using comparative analysis approach, this article mainly analyzes the forestry management measures in three editions of negative list from 2013 to 2015, and then summarizes the achievements of 2 revisions. The total number of special management measures in the negative list is decreasing year by year, which demonstrates that the limitation of forestry investment is reducing and our policy is increasingly opening to the international community. For the challenges in the future, Chinese forestry management departments should: fully take the initiative connection with FTZ's negative list, positively adapt to the needs for FTZ's development, and adjust and improve the relevant forestry laws and regulations; accelerate the conforming of international standards and rules by changing the management mode and service functions; further reform the policies to attract international investment in forestry under the premise of broadening the admission conditions of foreign investment; improve the efficiency of management, and enhance the transparency of special management measures in forestry.
The application of management mode with negative list is such a significant approach for China's Free Trade Zone (FTZ) to conform to the international standards as well as deepen the reform and opening of economic policies in China, moreover, forestry management is the essential part of it. Using comparative analysis approach, this article mainly analyzes the forestry management measures in three editions of negative list from 2013 to 2015, and then summarizes the achievements of 2 revisions. The total number of special management measures in the negative list is decreasing year by year, which demonstrates that the limitation of forestry investment is reducing and our policy is increasingly opening to the international community. For the challenges in the future, Chinese forestry management departments should: fully take the initiative connection with FTZ's negative list, positively adapt to the needs for FTZ's development, and adjust and improve the relevant forestry laws and regulations; accelerate the conforming of international standards and rules by changing the management mode and service functions; further reform the policies to attract international investment in forestry under the premise of broadening the admission conditions of foreign investment; improve the efficiency of management, and enhance the transparency of special management measures in forestry.
2016, 15(2): 75-84.
doi:10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2015126
Abstract:
Lumber processing is an ancient industry, and is still important in modern forestry industry with a great development space. At present, the development of lumber processing in China is facing many bottlenecks in the administrative licensing system, such as expanding the geographical space of control, compressing market spaces of enterprises, and randomly setting the valid period and annual inspection of the license, etc. In order to develop lumber processing industry, the optimal choice is to abolish the administrative licensing system for lumber processing, and the second optimal choice is to fully standardize the administrative licensing system for lumber processing, including strict control of geographical space range, simplifying the application materials for lumber processing license, and abolishing the annual inspection, etc.
Lumber processing is an ancient industry, and is still important in modern forestry industry with a great development space. At present, the development of lumber processing in China is facing many bottlenecks in the administrative licensing system, such as expanding the geographical space of control, compressing market spaces of enterprises, and randomly setting the valid period and annual inspection of the license, etc. In order to develop lumber processing industry, the optimal choice is to abolish the administrative licensing system for lumber processing, and the second optimal choice is to fully standardize the administrative licensing system for lumber processing, including strict control of geographical space range, simplifying the application materials for lumber processing license, and abolishing the annual inspection, etc.
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