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2012 Vol. 11, No. 4
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2012, 11(4): 1-6.
Abstract:
Although traditional environment monitoring indicators refer to a variety of aspects of environment，they are in lack of subjective indicators such as environment satisfaction and life satisfaction. In this study, 11 689 citizens conducted a questionnaire called Satisfaction with Green Environment（SWGE）and Satisfaction with Life Scale（SWLS）in 10 representative cities in China. Results show that environment satisfaction rankings of the 10 cities from highest to lowest are: Kunming, Chengdu, Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan, Xian, Urumqi, Harbin, Lanzhou, Guangzhou. Life satisfaction rankings of the cities from high to low are: Chengdu, Harbin, Kunming, Urumqi, Beijing, Xian, Shanghai, Lanzhou, Wuhan, Guangzhou. Different groups of people show differences in environment satisfaction and life satisfaction. Generally, females are more satisfied in environment and life than males.Older people are more satisfied with environment and life. Workers and peasants are the most satisfied groups in environment and life. Higher educated people feel less satisfied with environment and life. Majority (Han Nationality) people are a little bit higher than minorities in environment and life. The longer a person lives in a city, the higher satisfaction he（she）has in environment and life. In general, environment satisfaction and life satisfaction are low in 10 cities. There is still much room for improvement in green environment in China. Kunming and Chengdu are at the head of the 10 cities in green environment satisfaction and life satisfaction whereas Lanzhou and Guangzhou drop behind. Present study indicates that Chinese city residents are not sufficiently satisfied with their green environment. Scores of the 10 cities are all lower than 70 (out of a full mark of 100).
Although traditional environment monitoring indicators refer to a variety of aspects of environment，they are in lack of subjective indicators such as environment satisfaction and life satisfaction. In this study, 11 689 citizens conducted a questionnaire called Satisfaction with Green Environment（SWGE）and Satisfaction with Life Scale（SWLS）in 10 representative cities in China. Results show that environment satisfaction rankings of the 10 cities from highest to lowest are: Kunming, Chengdu, Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan, Xian, Urumqi, Harbin, Lanzhou, Guangzhou. Life satisfaction rankings of the cities from high to low are: Chengdu, Harbin, Kunming, Urumqi, Beijing, Xian, Shanghai, Lanzhou, Wuhan, Guangzhou. Different groups of people show differences in environment satisfaction and life satisfaction. Generally, females are more satisfied in environment and life than males.Older people are more satisfied with environment and life. Workers and peasants are the most satisfied groups in environment and life. Higher educated people feel less satisfied with environment and life. Majority (Han Nationality) people are a little bit higher than minorities in environment and life. The longer a person lives in a city, the higher satisfaction he（she）has in environment and life. In general, environment satisfaction and life satisfaction are low in 10 cities. There is still much room for improvement in green environment in China. Kunming and Chengdu are at the head of the 10 cities in green environment satisfaction and life satisfaction whereas Lanzhou and Guangzhou drop behind. Present study indicates that Chinese city residents are not sufficiently satisfied with their green environment. Scores of the 10 cities are all lower than 70 (out of a full mark of 100).
2012, 11(4): 8-13.
Abstract:
This paper introduces contents of the New Ecological Paradigm（NEP）and its related researches, revises the NEP scale which is applied in environmental psychology and sociology, and tests the Chinese characteristic of the NEP. The reliability and validity of the NEP scale are good as an important tool of researching ecological values and ecological consciousness. 278 college students and 11 620 citizens participated in the investigation. Results of exploratory factor analysis show that there are two dimensions existed in the NEP scale in China, i.e. the New Environmental Paradigm and the Human Exceptionalism Paradigm. This twodimension model is supported by confirmatory factor analysis, and fit indices of the models are all above 0.90. The internal concordance coefficient of the NEP scale is 0.810, the splithalf reliability is 0.822, both of which meet the standard of the psychometrics. There are significant differences in genders, ages, education, resident place before 10 years old, and living years in present resident place among subjects. This study shows that the Chinese urban residents are gradually enhancing their ecological consciousness, cities in China are undergoing an ecological paradigm shift from traditional society paradigm to the new ecological paradigm.
This paper introduces contents of the New Ecological Paradigm（NEP）and its related researches, revises the NEP scale which is applied in environmental psychology and sociology, and tests the Chinese characteristic of the NEP. The reliability and validity of the NEP scale are good as an important tool of researching ecological values and ecological consciousness. 278 college students and 11 620 citizens participated in the investigation. Results of exploratory factor analysis show that there are two dimensions existed in the NEP scale in China, i.e. the New Environmental Paradigm and the Human Exceptionalism Paradigm. This twodimension model is supported by confirmatory factor analysis, and fit indices of the models are all above 0.90. The internal concordance coefficient of the NEP scale is 0.810, the splithalf reliability is 0.822, both of which meet the standard of the psychometrics. There are significant differences in genders, ages, education, resident place before 10 years old, and living years in present resident place among subjects. This study shows that the Chinese urban residents are gradually enhancing their ecological consciousness, cities in China are undergoing an ecological paradigm shift from traditional society paradigm to the new ecological paradigm.
2012, 11(4): 14-19.
Abstract:
The objective of this research is to explore whether the subjective assessment to the air quality of Beijing citizens is different from the Air Pollution Index(API) reported by the Beijing Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). Ninety citizens were randomly selected to evaluate the air quality of Beijing via seventy-six photos taken in 38 days (two photos per day) from December 2010 to March 2011. The subjective assessment of the air quality was compared with the API reported by EAP. The T-test shows that the subjective assessment of Beijing citizens is more severe than the API by EAP, p0.01.
The objective of this research is to explore whether the subjective assessment to the air quality of Beijing citizens is different from the Air Pollution Index(API) reported by the Beijing Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). Ninety citizens were randomly selected to evaluate the air quality of Beijing via seventy-six photos taken in 38 days (two photos per day) from December 2010 to March 2011. The subjective assessment of the air quality was compared with the API reported by EAP. The T-test shows that the subjective assessment of Beijing citizens is more severe than the API by EAP, p0.01.
2012, 11(4): 20-23.
Abstract:
The main target of Autism intervention is that various treatments are used to promote social interaction skills of autistic children. Horticultural therapy, as an eco-therapy, is getting more and more attention in the field of autism intervention in recent years. This paper reviews the research of horticultural therapy and social communication disorders of autistic children, suggests that horticultural therapy can be used to intervene in social communication disorders of autistic children, and briefly analyzes its feasibility and validity, which can provide theoretical support for further rectification and intervention. The authors also explain the specific application of horticultural therapy in autistic children’s psychotherapy and put forward five implementation principles, including children-based principle, safety principle, overall and individual combination principle, patience and responsibility principle and development principle.
The main target of Autism intervention is that various treatments are used to promote social interaction skills of autistic children. Horticultural therapy, as an eco-therapy, is getting more and more attention in the field of autism intervention in recent years. This paper reviews the research of horticultural therapy and social communication disorders of autistic children, suggests that horticultural therapy can be used to intervene in social communication disorders of autistic children, and briefly analyzes its feasibility and validity, which can provide theoretical support for further rectification and intervention. The authors also explain the specific application of horticultural therapy in autistic children’s psychotherapy and put forward five implementation principles, including children-based principle, safety principle, overall and individual combination principle, patience and responsibility principle and development principle.
2012, 11(4): 24-27.
Abstract:
Flower dietetic culture is an integration of ancient flower culture and dietetic culture. The flower dietetic culture in Song Dynasty(960-1279) is the revelation of scientific utilization of flower and pursuit of exquisite life by people in that period, and is the refraction of time characteristics and spiritual status. This paper introduces dietetic culture and drinking culture of flower in Song Dynasty, analyzes the reasons of its prosperity. The flower dietetic culture in Song Dynasty has abundant economic base and social background. It will help us to inherit traditional culture and give us inspiration for scientific utilization of flower.
Flower dietetic culture is an integration of ancient flower culture and dietetic culture. The flower dietetic culture in Song Dynasty(960-1279) is the revelation of scientific utilization of flower and pursuit of exquisite life by people in that period, and is the refraction of time characteristics and spiritual status. This paper introduces dietetic culture and drinking culture of flower in Song Dynasty, analyzes the reasons of its prosperity. The flower dietetic culture in Song Dynasty has abundant economic base and social background. It will help us to inherit traditional culture and give us inspiration for scientific utilization of flower.
2012, 11(4): 28-31.
Abstract:
Being a typical representative of intellectuals in Song Dynasty, SU Shi’s resume and literary life is inextricably linked with forestry. Based on Confucian ideology of involvement in the world of statecraft, he personally took part in afforestation, gardening, improving woodworking technology, clearing the west lake and building Su Causeway, pursued comfortable state of life from Buddhism and Taoism. He also concerned about environment, protected forest heritage and culture, built an ideal life with a broadminded and optimistic attitude.
Being a typical representative of intellectuals in Song Dynasty, SU Shi’s resume and literary life is inextricably linked with forestry. Based on Confucian ideology of involvement in the world of statecraft, he personally took part in afforestation, gardening, improving woodworking technology, clearing the west lake and building Su Causeway, pursued comfortable state of life from Buddhism and Taoism. He also concerned about environment, protected forest heritage and culture, built an ideal life with a broadminded and optimistic attitude.
2012, 11(4): 32-36.
Abstract:
Being a new research field, forest culture has attracted a number of scholars both of natural science and social science in nearly ten years. Through unremitting efforts, rich achievements have been received in this field. Researches include not only forest system, ecological civilization and forest culture, but also single tree species such as Pine and Cypress culture, Willow culture, Sophora Japonica culture. Chestnut culture belongs to the category of forest culture. Chestnut and its fruits are very practical. Because of this, Chinese ancients endowed it with rich cultural implication, especially the reproduction worship. These cultural values often present through clan sacrifices and other folk activities, which deeply reflect land worship, reproduction worship of the ancients. It has important reference value for us to understand ancient culture and folk customs.
Being a new research field, forest culture has attracted a number of scholars both of natural science and social science in nearly ten years. Through unremitting efforts, rich achievements have been received in this field. Researches include not only forest system, ecological civilization and forest culture, but also single tree species such as Pine and Cypress culture, Willow culture, Sophora Japonica culture. Chestnut culture belongs to the category of forest culture. Chestnut and its fruits are very practical. Because of this, Chinese ancients endowed it with rich cultural implication, especially the reproduction worship. These cultural values often present through clan sacrifices and other folk activities, which deeply reflect land worship, reproduction worship of the ancients. It has important reference value for us to understand ancient culture and folk customs.
2012, 11(4): 37-43.
Abstract:
This paper makes a review on the fourth session of forest culture seminar in 2011.The reports in the seminar are divided into 2 parts, i.e. history research of forest culture and modern research of forest culture. Every nationality inherits and enhances forest culture created by themselves, which provides ideas for future research on forest culture and sustainable development of human beings. The representations introduced the important effects of forest culture on forest civilization construction, forest operation and management, biodiversity conservation.
This paper makes a review on the fourth session of forest culture seminar in 2011.The reports in the seminar are divided into 2 parts, i.e. history research of forest culture and modern research of forest culture. Every nationality inherits and enhances forest culture created by themselves, which provides ideas for future research on forest culture and sustainable development of human beings. The representations introduced the important effects of forest culture on forest civilization construction, forest operation and management, biodiversity conservation.
2012, 11(4): 44-48.
Abstract:
Classification management is one of the main characteristics of nature reserves management system in China. But state nature reserves and local administration nature reserves under the regulations are only the approval system and embody the concept of protection. Management pattern of nature reserves can be divided into nine types. There are big differences in the nine patterns in management foundation and coordination ability of management because different management pattern occupies different resources of administration, personnel, financial and law enforcement. By analyzing management pattern, this paper selects thirtyeight indexes in thirteen categories to evaluate the management effectiveness of national nature reserves subordinate to the State Forestry Administration (SFA). Results show that the management effectiveness of national nature reserves is good as a whole, and the management effectiveness is direct proportional to administration level. Provincial administration has the higher efficiency than municipal and county administration. Direct administration by governments at all levels has the higher efficiency than departments administration at the same level.
Classification management is one of the main characteristics of nature reserves management system in China. But state nature reserves and local administration nature reserves under the regulations are only the approval system and embody the concept of protection. Management pattern of nature reserves can be divided into nine types. There are big differences in the nine patterns in management foundation and coordination ability of management because different management pattern occupies different resources of administration, personnel, financial and law enforcement. By analyzing management pattern, this paper selects thirtyeight indexes in thirteen categories to evaluate the management effectiveness of national nature reserves subordinate to the State Forestry Administration (SFA). Results show that the management effectiveness of national nature reserves is good as a whole, and the management effectiveness is direct proportional to administration level. Provincial administration has the higher efficiency than municipal and county administration. Direct administration by governments at all levels has the higher efficiency than departments administration at the same level.
2012, 11(4): 49-54.
Abstract:
This paper analyzes six cultural characteristics of Zijin Mountain, such as mausoleum culture, religious culture, recreational culture, ecological culture, science and technology culture, and sports culture on the way of historical evolution. During the long development of Nanjing city, Zijin Mountain National Forest Park forms a multicultural pattern of prosperity and decline, contradiction and coexistence. From the perspective of the relationship between culture and tourism, the paper provides multi-function position of Zijin Mountain National Forest Park, such as ecological balance, historical heritage conservation, and citizen recreation. Multi-function management strategy of the forest park is made from aspects of system construction of cultural tourism product and classification management zones of scenic forest to explore a sustainable management approach for forest parks in Chinese ancient capital cities.
This paper analyzes six cultural characteristics of Zijin Mountain, such as mausoleum culture, religious culture, recreational culture, ecological culture, science and technology culture, and sports culture on the way of historical evolution. During the long development of Nanjing city, Zijin Mountain National Forest Park forms a multicultural pattern of prosperity and decline, contradiction and coexistence. From the perspective of the relationship between culture and tourism, the paper provides multi-function position of Zijin Mountain National Forest Park, such as ecological balance, historical heritage conservation, and citizen recreation. Multi-function management strategy of the forest park is made from aspects of system construction of cultural tourism product and classification management zones of scenic forest to explore a sustainable management approach for forest parks in Chinese ancient capital cities.
2012, 11(4): 55-60.
Abstract:
The purpose of constructing national parks is to explore a route of harmonious interaction between protection and development. Laojun Mountain National Park in Lijiang city, Yunnan Province is one of the core regions of the world natural heritage in threeriver parallel flow area, where extremely rich natural exists and cultural landscape resources. By analyzing local traditional forest culture of minorities and the active influence on ecotourism, this paper points out that the core position of forest culture should be stressed and the development of ecotourism products should be blended into the characteristic of local forest culture. An ecotourism products system with regional characteristics can be established in Laojun Mountain National Park through developing recreation areas, holding activities with local characteristics such as forest culture festival, photography exhibition of mountain flowers, green food fair, and exhibition of the result of protecting wild animals and plants, green summer camps and the education base of biological diversity.
The purpose of constructing national parks is to explore a route of harmonious interaction between protection and development. Laojun Mountain National Park in Lijiang city, Yunnan Province is one of the core regions of the world natural heritage in threeriver parallel flow area, where extremely rich natural exists and cultural landscape resources. By analyzing local traditional forest culture of minorities and the active influence on ecotourism, this paper points out that the core position of forest culture should be stressed and the development of ecotourism products should be blended into the characteristic of local forest culture. An ecotourism products system with regional characteristics can be established in Laojun Mountain National Park through developing recreation areas, holding activities with local characteristics such as forest culture festival, photography exhibition of mountain flowers, green food fair, and exhibition of the result of protecting wild animals and plants, green summer camps and the education base of biological diversity.
2012, 11(4): 61-65.
Abstract:
Chinese classical gardens are influenced by Zen and Taoism, and have the same philosophy basis with modern minimalism landscape. This paper analyzes the plant landscape of courtyard in literati gardens of Song Dynasty, the existing royal gardens, and private gardens in south of the Yangtze River in contrast with the modern planting landscape in minimalism landscape. It finds that minimalism thinking is contained in the planting landscape design in classical garden courtyards, which offers references for minimalism gardens design.
Chinese classical gardens are influenced by Zen and Taoism, and have the same philosophy basis with modern minimalism landscape. This paper analyzes the plant landscape of courtyard in literati gardens of Song Dynasty, the existing royal gardens, and private gardens in south of the Yangtze River in contrast with the modern planting landscape in minimalism landscape. It finds that minimalism thinking is contained in the planting landscape design in classical garden courtyards, which offers references for minimalism gardens design.
2012, 11(4): 66-70.
Abstract:
This paper discusses the origin of FeilaiHill allusions in light of hermeneutics in rockery making of classical gardens. FeilaiHill allusions in Ming and Qing dynasties are analyzed and explored. It points that significances of allusions are not only building rockery in gardens but also the way of expressing garden owners feeling and thinking. Researchers should pay more attention to FeilaiHill allusions when studying the rockery of classical gardens. The underlying culture phenomenon deserves deep thinking and study.
This paper discusses the origin of FeilaiHill allusions in light of hermeneutics in rockery making of classical gardens. FeilaiHill allusions in Ming and Qing dynasties are analyzed and explored. It points that significances of allusions are not only building rockery in gardens but also the way of expressing garden owners feeling and thinking. Researchers should pay more attention to FeilaiHill allusions when studying the rockery of classical gardens. The underlying culture phenomenon deserves deep thinking and study.
2012, 11(4): 71-76.
Abstract:
This paper studies material of the French Baroque gardens and people’s subjective feeling to the material. It summarizes the culture meaning of material to French Baroque gardens through the research on concealed effect caused by clipped hedges, stone with rough or smooth texture, lofty atmosphere composed with forest, water and sky, and relationship between embroidery flower bed and fashionable dress. The culture of gardens depends on not only style and pattern but also atmosphere which is created by material. Symbolization understanding of style patterns covers the perception of garden materials, and neglects rich cultural significance of gardens.
This paper studies material of the French Baroque gardens and people’s subjective feeling to the material. It summarizes the culture meaning of material to French Baroque gardens through the research on concealed effect caused by clipped hedges, stone with rough or smooth texture, lofty atmosphere composed with forest, water and sky, and relationship between embroidery flower bed and fashionable dress. The culture of gardens depends on not only style and pattern but also atmosphere which is created by material. Symbolization understanding of style patterns covers the perception of garden materials, and neglects rich cultural significance of gardens.
2012, 11(4): 77-83.
Abstract:
Based on site investigation and literature analysis, this paper discusses space layout changes of Borghese Park in the Baroque period, English style period and today. With principles of protection and utilization, the Borghese Park restored secret gardens, used techniques to make new space and transportation models, and build plants landscape. The authors point out that the successful transition of the Borghese Park is mainly because that the Roman always respect the history, persist in less human disturbance to the site, and insist on using old traditional materials.
Based on site investigation and literature analysis, this paper discusses space layout changes of Borghese Park in the Baroque period, English style period and today. With principles of protection and utilization, the Borghese Park restored secret gardens, used techniques to make new space and transportation models, and build plants landscape. The authors point out that the successful transition of the Borghese Park is mainly because that the Roman always respect the history, persist in less human disturbance to the site, and insist on using old traditional materials.
2012, 11(4): 84-90.
Abstract:
Landscape animation is a new form of landscape design performance in the digital multimedia era. From aspects of essence and form of landscape animation, this paper summarizes the research of landscape animation and its applications in film art according to the documentary aesthetic of long take theory. The authors analyze three characteristics of landscape animation, i.e. documentary aesthetic feature, technical feature, and film art feature. Combining with the case of the virtual scene design in the movie Zhao’s Orphan, the paper shows the whole process of landscape animation from design concept, design process to result achievement.
Landscape animation is a new form of landscape design performance in the digital multimedia era. From aspects of essence and form of landscape animation, this paper summarizes the research of landscape animation and its applications in film art according to the documentary aesthetic of long take theory. The authors analyze three characteristics of landscape animation, i.e. documentary aesthetic feature, technical feature, and film art feature. Combining with the case of the virtual scene design in the movie Zhao’s Orphan, the paper shows the whole process of landscape animation from design concept, design process to result achievement.
2012, 11(4): 91-96.
Abstract:
This paper studies the performance of the Collective Forest Tenure System Reform from point of farmers planting behavior (the number of the planting trees) in plain areas of Henan province with liner regression analysis. It concludes that reform variables has the most significant impact. The other variables include education, expenditure，loan or lent, and market expectation also have obvious effect. It suggests that the government should strengthen the body reform of the Collective Forest Tenure System Reform, accelerate the matching reforms, stabilize the expectation of timber market, and increase the investment on rural education.
This paper studies the performance of the Collective Forest Tenure System Reform from point of farmers planting behavior (the number of the planting trees) in plain areas of Henan province with liner regression analysis. It concludes that reform variables has the most significant impact. The other variables include education, expenditure，loan or lent, and market expectation also have obvious effect. It suggests that the government should strengthen the body reform of the Collective Forest Tenure System Reform, accelerate the matching reforms, stabilize the expectation of timber market, and increase the investment on rural education.
2012, 11(4): 97-102.
Abstract:
In view of synergetics theory, this paper analyzes cooperative patterns and operational mechanism of forestry compound system which is composed of natural, economical and social subsystems, and proposes the measure method of synergetic degree of multi-functional forestry system. The most cooperative patterns of multi-functional forestry system are synergetic development between any two subsystems. The synergistic effect is expressed in numerical range. The multifunctional forestry system is divided into several different forms. The ideal condition of synergetic development should be relatively stable and high efficiency cooperation, which is formed by self-organizing function of subsystems and longterm evolution of the system.
In view of synergetics theory, this paper analyzes cooperative patterns and operational mechanism of forestry compound system which is composed of natural, economical and social subsystems, and proposes the measure method of synergetic degree of multi-functional forestry system. The most cooperative patterns of multi-functional forestry system are synergetic development between any two subsystems. The synergistic effect is expressed in numerical range. The multifunctional forestry system is divided into several different forms. The ideal condition of synergetic development should be relatively stable and high efficiency cooperation, which is formed by self-organizing function of subsystems and longterm evolution of the system.
2012, 11(4): 103-107.
Abstract:
Woody biomass energy is an important and high-efficiency way of modern bioenergy utilization. Relevant study has shown that it is the time to develop woody biomass energy in China. China is abundant in woody biomass and has large scale of land to develop energy forest. These are important resources for woody biomass energy. Based on results of the sixth forest resources inventory in china, this paper researches the resource potential of each kind of woody biomass energy, analyzes the availability of developing woody biomass energy from aspects of forest multifunction, forest sustainable development and industry stage.
Woody biomass energy is an important and high-efficiency way of modern bioenergy utilization. Relevant study has shown that it is the time to develop woody biomass energy in China. China is abundant in woody biomass and has large scale of land to develop energy forest. These are important resources for woody biomass energy. Based on results of the sixth forest resources inventory in china, this paper researches the resource potential of each kind of woody biomass energy, analyzes the availability of developing woody biomass energy from aspects of forest multifunction, forest sustainable development and industry stage.
2012, 11(4): 108-113.
Abstract:
Forestry industry plays a key role in regulating climate and promoting sustainable social development. Considering the particularity of forestry industry, this paper provides the framework of social responsibility report of forestry enterprises, analyzes major topics of social responsibilities followed by forestry enterprises, and points out the core values of social responsibilities of forestry enterprises. Environmental responsibility is the key part of social responsibilities of forestry enterprises. It hold the point that the social responsibility reports of forestry enterprises should involve the responsibility to shareholder and creditor, the responsibility to supplier, customer and consumer, the responsibility to employee, the responsibility to environment and the responsibility to community and charity behavior.
Forestry industry plays a key role in regulating climate and promoting sustainable social development. Considering the particularity of forestry industry, this paper provides the framework of social responsibility report of forestry enterprises, analyzes major topics of social responsibilities followed by forestry enterprises, and points out the core values of social responsibilities of forestry enterprises. Environmental responsibility is the key part of social responsibilities of forestry enterprises. It hold the point that the social responsibility reports of forestry enterprises should involve the responsibility to shareholder and creditor, the responsibility to supplier, customer and consumer, the responsibility to employee, the responsibility to environment and the responsibility to community and charity behavior.
2012, 11(4): 114-118.
Abstract:
The term of remnant morpheme is defined when people extract the morphemes with the method of remnant comparison. The academic circles have already reached an agreement on the existence of the remnant morphemes. But there remains a big controversy about the nature, reasons of emergence and ways of wordbuilding of the remnant morphemes. This paper discusses this linguistic element with the example of the doubletone compound nouns in Chinese plants from the angle of linguistic history. The remnant morphemes are bound that build up words weakly in synchronic linguistics and the accumulation in the historical development of language. The remnant morphemes in the doubletone compound nouns in Chinese plants are those morphemes with the explicit denotation. The onomastic names of the plants which come from the semantic succession and the differentiation of words forms and structures are the main reason of formation of the remnant morphemes. The major ways of building up words involving the remnant morphemes are setting the modifying morphemes before and specific morphemes after.
The term of remnant morpheme is defined when people extract the morphemes with the method of remnant comparison. The academic circles have already reached an agreement on the existence of the remnant morphemes. But there remains a big controversy about the nature, reasons of emergence and ways of wordbuilding of the remnant morphemes. This paper discusses this linguistic element with the example of the doubletone compound nouns in Chinese plants from the angle of linguistic history. The remnant morphemes are bound that build up words weakly in synchronic linguistics and the accumulation in the historical development of language. The remnant morphemes in the doubletone compound nouns in Chinese plants are those morphemes with the explicit denotation. The onomastic names of the plants which come from the semantic succession and the differentiation of words forms and structures are the main reason of formation of the remnant morphemes. The major ways of building up words involving the remnant morphemes are setting the modifying morphemes before and specific morphemes after.
2012, 11(4): 119-123.
Abstract:
Tsinghua University is one of the most beautiful universities in the world. The environment change of Tsinghua University as well as its heritage in the past century is a valuable reference for present campus construction. Analyzing the campus landscape features, including garden layout, plant distribution, commemorative buildings, plot constructions and their inheritance of Tsinghua University, the authors explore the roles of campus landscape in beautifying environment, literature and history education, emphasize the important educational functions of university campus environment. Landscape harmony, functional zoning, natural confluence, and sustainability should be paid more attention to in the campus landscape constructions to provide guidance for green universities.
Tsinghua University is one of the most beautiful universities in the world. The environment change of Tsinghua University as well as its heritage in the past century is a valuable reference for present campus construction. Analyzing the campus landscape features, including garden layout, plant distribution, commemorative buildings, plot constructions and their inheritance of Tsinghua University, the authors explore the roles of campus landscape in beautifying environment, literature and history education, emphasize the important educational functions of university campus environment. Landscape harmony, functional zoning, natural confluence, and sustainability should be paid more attention to in the campus landscape constructions to provide guidance for green universities.
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