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2011 Vol. 10, No. 3
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2011, 10(3): 1-8.
Abstract:
Arnold Arboretum in Harvard University is an important institution in the United States for collecting and studying Chinese plants. From the early 20th century, a group of Chinese scholars came to study and work there for the purpose of introducing western plant science to China. After returning China, they began to teach students, establish institutions, and study Chinese plants. They pioneered plant science in China. Arnold Arboretum is deemed as an origin of Chinese plant science. The findings, methods and even the way of building botanical garden of Arnold Arboretum have profound impacts on the development of modern botany in China.
Arnold Arboretum in Harvard University is an important institution in the United States for collecting and studying Chinese plants. From the early 20th century, a group of Chinese scholars came to study and work there for the purpose of introducing western plant science to China. After returning China, they began to teach students, establish institutions, and study Chinese plants. They pioneered plant science in China. Arnold Arboretum is deemed as an origin of Chinese plant science. The findings, methods and even the way of building botanical garden of Arnold Arboretum have profound impacts on the development of modern botany in China.
2011, 10(3): 9-14.
Abstract:
Forest was in its full bloom period in northeast area in China before the middle Qing Dynasty because the Qing government forbade people entering into this area. From Daoguang(道光) to Guangxu（光绪）period, the forest was destroyed in varying degrees. On one hand, with the Qing government at that period lifting the ban of forbidding people entering into the area, a large number of immigrants swarmed into the northeast area, and acres of forest land were reclaimed into farmland. On the other hand, with the Japanese and Russian coming into the area, cutting forest to build railway, forest resources were depredated in this period. After Guangxu 31th, affected by the trend of saving the nation from extinction by developing industry, industry was highly developed in northeast china, and forest was treasured as an important part of industry. The government strengthened forestry management by taking administrative jurisdiction, establishing forestry companies and revamping forest treaty with Russia to forbid abusive felling of trees. In this period, the concept of forestry protection was strengthened and the government realized the importance of advanced technology for forestry development. Therefore, forestry schools and forest experimental stations were established by government around northeast China. As a special science, forestry education began to appear in early modern period in China.
Forest was in its full bloom period in northeast area in China before the middle Qing Dynasty because the Qing government forbade people entering into this area. From Daoguang(道光) to Guangxu（光绪）period, the forest was destroyed in varying degrees. On one hand, with the Qing government at that period lifting the ban of forbidding people entering into the area, a large number of immigrants swarmed into the northeast area, and acres of forest land were reclaimed into farmland. On the other hand, with the Japanese and Russian coming into the area, cutting forest to build railway, forest resources were depredated in this period. After Guangxu 31th, affected by the trend of saving the nation from extinction by developing industry, industry was highly developed in northeast china, and forest was treasured as an important part of industry. The government strengthened forestry management by taking administrative jurisdiction, establishing forestry companies and revamping forest treaty with Russia to forbid abusive felling of trees. In this period, the concept of forestry protection was strengthened and the government realized the importance of advanced technology for forestry development. Therefore, forestry schools and forest experimental stations were established by government around northeast China. As a special science, forestry education began to appear in early modern period in China.
2011, 10(3): 15-20.
Abstract:
Phoenix tree is the place where phoenix rests, while bamboo is the food of phoenix. Phoenix tree and bamboo are widely applied simultaneously in material life and spiritual life. For example, phoenix tree means stringed instrument while bamboo means wind instrument. The descendants of phoenix tree and bamboo are the totem of reproduction adoration. The cane made by phoenix tree is used in mothers funeral while bamboo cane is used in fathers funeral. Phoenix tree and bamboo are often used in congratulatory speech when congratulating elders birthday. Phoenix tree and bamboo are the metaphor of good virtue. They have the combined connotation of outstanding demeanor and noble mind, and the characteristics of upright and faithful. After the Yuan Dynasty, phoenix tree and bamboo became the main themes in drawing, reflecting the interests and emotion of literati. After the Song Dynasty, being the familiar scenes in private gardens, the environment created by phoenix tree and bamboo is the resistance and disengagement to the prevailing customs. Phoenix tree and bamboo are not only the literature images, but also the culture symbol.
Phoenix tree is the place where phoenix rests, while bamboo is the food of phoenix. Phoenix tree and bamboo are widely applied simultaneously in material life and spiritual life. For example, phoenix tree means stringed instrument while bamboo means wind instrument. The descendants of phoenix tree and bamboo are the totem of reproduction adoration. The cane made by phoenix tree is used in mothers funeral while bamboo cane is used in fathers funeral. Phoenix tree and bamboo are often used in congratulatory speech when congratulating elders birthday. Phoenix tree and bamboo are the metaphor of good virtue. They have the combined connotation of outstanding demeanor and noble mind, and the characteristics of upright and faithful. After the Yuan Dynasty, phoenix tree and bamboo became the main themes in drawing, reflecting the interests and emotion of literati. After the Song Dynasty, being the familiar scenes in private gardens, the environment created by phoenix tree and bamboo is the resistance and disengagement to the prevailing customs. Phoenix tree and bamboo are not only the literature images, but also the culture symbol.
2011, 10(3): 21-29.
Abstract:
The investigation and protection study on wooden house of Manchu nationality in Changbaishan Mountain is more than twenty years. The wooden house is traditional building of Manchu nationality. It is still used now and is a valuable intangible cultural heritage. This paper introduces its characteristics, structure and furnishing style, puts forward the aesthetic value and significance of protection and development of it. Subjected to economic construct in modern society, the wooden house is facing the situation of extinction. It is urgent to protect and develop the wooden house scientifically.
The investigation and protection study on wooden house of Manchu nationality in Changbaishan Mountain is more than twenty years. The wooden house is traditional building of Manchu nationality. It is still used now and is a valuable intangible cultural heritage. This paper introduces its characteristics, structure and furnishing style, puts forward the aesthetic value and significance of protection and development of it. Subjected to economic construct in modern society, the wooden house is facing the situation of extinction. It is urgent to protect and develop the wooden house scientifically.
2011, 10(3): 30-34.
Abstract:
The Opinion of Promoting the Reform of Collective Forest Property Right System Overall in 2008 has strengthened farmers usufruct of forest. But the opinion belongs to the category of policy. From the viewpoint of real right, although the management right of forest has been regulated as a typical real right, it still lacks special rules corresponding to the characteristics of forest. In continental legal family, from Roman Law to the modern civil codes，the usufruct of forest always exists, whose structure is similar to the right that the opinion in 2008 wants to construct. Research on this institution can be used for construction of the related rules of real rights in China.
The Opinion of Promoting the Reform of Collective Forest Property Right System Overall in 2008 has strengthened farmers usufruct of forest. But the opinion belongs to the category of policy. From the viewpoint of real right, although the management right of forest has been regulated as a typical real right, it still lacks special rules corresponding to the characteristics of forest. In continental legal family, from Roman Law to the modern civil codes，the usufruct of forest always exists, whose structure is similar to the right that the opinion in 2008 wants to construct. Research on this institution can be used for construction of the related rules of real rights in China.
2011, 10(3): 35-40.
Abstract:
The reform of collective forest right has entered into a deepening phase. Ensuring the collective forest right circulates orderly and effectively is of vital importance in this period. Mortgage of collective forest right is the core to solve the problem of capital shortage in forestry development. This paper analyzes the current situation of mortgage of collective forest right, and points out that there are legal barriers such as nominal status quo of subject of collective forest right, restriction on mortgage property, barrier of assessment of mortgage property, and deficiency of disposing right in collective forest right. The paper proposes that it is necessary to bestow the subject of collective forest right as the independent qualification of legal person. The scope of mortgaged property should be broadened, and forestry insurance system should be established based on the complement of forest policy-related insurance and commercial insurance.
The reform of collective forest right has entered into a deepening phase. Ensuring the collective forest right circulates orderly and effectively is of vital importance in this period. Mortgage of collective forest right is the core to solve the problem of capital shortage in forestry development. This paper analyzes the current situation of mortgage of collective forest right, and points out that there are legal barriers such as nominal status quo of subject of collective forest right, restriction on mortgage property, barrier of assessment of mortgage property, and deficiency of disposing right in collective forest right. The paper proposes that it is necessary to bestow the subject of collective forest right as the independent qualification of legal person. The scope of mortgaged property should be broadened, and forestry insurance system should be established based on the complement of forest policy-related insurance and commercial insurance.
2011, 10(3): 41-45.
Abstract:
Horticultural therapy, originated at the end of 17th century，is an intercross subject including horticulture，medicine and psychology. The therapeutic effects of horticulture were recognized in the late 18th century. After the World War II, especially since the foundation of the American Horticultural Therapy Association, both research and application of horticultural therapy have developed greatly. Currently, famous organizations in this field includes the American Horticultural Therapy Association, Thrive and so on. Qualitative research methods were mainly adopted in the beginning, and then experimental statistical methods were added by modern researchers. Researches have confirmed the therapeutic effects of horticultural therapy, but its own theory has not formed. Presently, researchers mostly refer to theory of attention restoration and so on. The research of horticultural therapy in China started very late. Horticulture therapy is promising in China.
Horticultural therapy, originated at the end of 17th century，is an intercross subject including horticulture，medicine and psychology. The therapeutic effects of horticulture were recognized in the late 18th century. After the World War II, especially since the foundation of the American Horticultural Therapy Association, both research and application of horticultural therapy have developed greatly. Currently, famous organizations in this field includes the American Horticultural Therapy Association, Thrive and so on. Qualitative research methods were mainly adopted in the beginning, and then experimental statistical methods were added by modern researchers. Researches have confirmed the therapeutic effects of horticultural therapy, but its own theory has not formed. Presently, researchers mostly refer to theory of attention restoration and so on. The research of horticultural therapy in China started very late. Horticulture therapy is promising in China.
2011, 10(3): 46-52.
Abstract:
Through contrastive study of restorative effect between green and grey environment in city, this paper discusses the effects and speed of the two kinds of environment on individual physical and psychological resource to support future native study on restorative effect both in theory and application. Based on extensive survey on contemporary relative literatures, this paper designs a field test with single factor using repeated measures. 14 male students were chosen and randomly separated into 2 groups. One group was exposed to the stimulators of green environment, and the other one in stimulators of grey environment. The test of word association task was performed to bring the condition of stress, and Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) was used to show the emotional fluctuation of the subjects under different conditions. Salivary Amylase Activity (SAA) was utilized as the physical index to detect the parasympathetic system activity directly. Results show that the green space has better restorative effect for physical resource, while the grey space is lack of this function. The green space in city has significant restorative effect for psychological resource, while the grey space tends to deplete the psychological resource.
Through contrastive study of restorative effect between green and grey environment in city, this paper discusses the effects and speed of the two kinds of environment on individual physical and psychological resource to support future native study on restorative effect both in theory and application. Based on extensive survey on contemporary relative literatures, this paper designs a field test with single factor using repeated measures. 14 male students were chosen and randomly separated into 2 groups. One group was exposed to the stimulators of green environment, and the other one in stimulators of grey environment. The test of word association task was performed to bring the condition of stress, and Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) was used to show the emotional fluctuation of the subjects under different conditions. Salivary Amylase Activity (SAA) was utilized as the physical index to detect the parasympathetic system activity directly. Results show that the green space has better restorative effect for physical resource, while the grey space is lack of this function. The green space in city has significant restorative effect for psychological resource, while the grey space tends to deplete the psychological resource.
2011, 10(3): 53-57.
Abstract:
Peony and Chinese Herbaceous Peony are two traditional flowers in China and have profound cultural implications. These two flowers play the key promoting roles in the tradition formation of appreciating flowers. This paper discusses the significance of Peony and Chinese Herbaceous Peonies for the development of landscape garden in China from aspects of the contribution to tradition of appreciating flowers, cultural implications of the two flowers, and the application of them in landscape garden based on textual research of a large amount of ancient and present literatures.
Peony and Chinese Herbaceous Peony are two traditional flowers in China and have profound cultural implications. These two flowers play the key promoting roles in the tradition formation of appreciating flowers. This paper discusses the significance of Peony and Chinese Herbaceous Peonies for the development of landscape garden in China from aspects of the contribution to tradition of appreciating flowers, cultural implications of the two flowers, and the application of them in landscape garden based on textual research of a large amount of ancient and present literatures.
2011, 10(3): 58-61.
Abstract:
Taking the reconstruction and expansion project of Wandaoshan Park in Tangshan city for example, this paper proposes that the key points of planning and design are the recognition of local culture, and detailed survey and analysis of site conditions. Only the designers comprehensively master the local condition and culture, can design the distinctive and unique environment space. This is a valid method to avoid the convergence and the lack of characteristics in environment space.
Taking the reconstruction and expansion project of Wandaoshan Park in Tangshan city for example, this paper proposes that the key points of planning and design are the recognition of local culture, and detailed survey and analysis of site conditions. Only the designers comprehensively master the local condition and culture, can design the distinctive and unique environment space. This is a valid method to avoid the convergence and the lack of characteristics in environment space.
2011, 10(3): 62-68.
Abstract:
With the economic development, civilization advancement, and living standard improving, city residents pay more attention to the living environment. As a result, progress has been made in the construction of residential districts. Especially, the environmental landscape of residential districts is improved significantly. Architectural oddments play the key roles and have positive effects in design and construction of residential district landscape. This paper discusses the application of architectural oddments in Beijing residential districts landscapes in five main categories, including public utility building, pavilion, veranda, bridge and scenery wall. The main problems existing in the architectural oddments of residential districts are analyzed, and opinions on the architectural principle, development and problems which should be noticed are put forward.
With the economic development, civilization advancement, and living standard improving, city residents pay more attention to the living environment. As a result, progress has been made in the construction of residential districts. Especially, the environmental landscape of residential districts is improved significantly. Architectural oddments play the key roles and have positive effects in design and construction of residential district landscape. This paper discusses the application of architectural oddments in Beijing residential districts landscapes in five main categories, including public utility building, pavilion, veranda, bridge and scenery wall. The main problems existing in the architectural oddments of residential districts are analyzed, and opinions on the architectural principle, development and problems which should be noticed are put forward.
2011, 10(3): 69-73.
Abstract:
This paper makes a new definition of landscape animation, analyzes and studies the theory of landscape animation. On the background of universal animation, the concept of landscape animation and its characteristics are elaborated. The applied fields of landscape animation are also expanded. Taking the landscape animation of Jiufeng National Forest Park as an example, the implementation and application methods of landscape animation are analyzed. The connotation of landscape animation is further explained.
This paper makes a new definition of landscape animation, analyzes and studies the theory of landscape animation. On the background of universal animation, the concept of landscape animation and its characteristics are elaborated. The applied fields of landscape animation are also expanded. Taking the landscape animation of Jiufeng National Forest Park as an example, the implementation and application methods of landscape animation are analyzed. The connotation of landscape animation is further explained.
2011, 10(3): 74-81.
Abstract:
This paper answers several academically arguable concepts on implementation and impact of Land Conversion from Farmland back to Forestland in terms of ten years practical experiences in China. A theoretical framework is constructed to explain the policy development of Land Conversion from Farmland back to Forestland. Then it is tested by ten years monitoring data in 100 sample counties in China. Results show that Land Conversion from Farmland back to Forestland was originated from the demand of improving ecology under the economic growth. The goal of fulfilling Land Conversion from Farmland back to Forestland finally relies on economic growth to solve the poverty in rural areas. The implementing problems such as farmers income decline and crop reduction will be resolved with policy adjustment and economic development. Effect of poverty alleviation is obvious because huge amount of subsidies has been successfully delivered to farmers under powerful administration supervision and institutional innovation. Land Conversion from Farmland back to Forestland only achieves the subprime ecological goals in case of generous policy due to incentive incompatibility between farmers private benefit and public benefit. But the sustainability of Land Conversion from Farmland back to Forestland improves because farmers private benefit is combined with public ecological benefit by the project. Strengthening outcomes of ecological construction faces uncertainties due to climate change. Suggestions for future research in policy of Land Conversion from Farmland back to Forestland are proposed.
This paper answers several academically arguable concepts on implementation and impact of Land Conversion from Farmland back to Forestland in terms of ten years practical experiences in China. A theoretical framework is constructed to explain the policy development of Land Conversion from Farmland back to Forestland. Then it is tested by ten years monitoring data in 100 sample counties in China. Results show that Land Conversion from Farmland back to Forestland was originated from the demand of improving ecology under the economic growth. The goal of fulfilling Land Conversion from Farmland back to Forestland finally relies on economic growth to solve the poverty in rural areas. The implementing problems such as farmers income decline and crop reduction will be resolved with policy adjustment and economic development. Effect of poverty alleviation is obvious because huge amount of subsidies has been successfully delivered to farmers under powerful administration supervision and institutional innovation. Land Conversion from Farmland back to Forestland only achieves the subprime ecological goals in case of generous policy due to incentive incompatibility between farmers private benefit and public benefit. But the sustainability of Land Conversion from Farmland back to Forestland improves because farmers private benefit is combined with public ecological benefit by the project. Strengthening outcomes of ecological construction faces uncertainties due to climate change. Suggestions for future research in policy of Land Conversion from Farmland back to Forestland are proposed.
2011, 10(3): 82-86.
Abstract:
Based on the capital allocation efficiency model of Jeffrey Wurgler, this paper analyzes the quantitative relationship between physical capital growth and profit growth in papermaking and paper products industry in China. The conclusion is that the allocation efficiency of physical capital of papermaking and paper products industry is inefficient. The main factors are analyzed from the viewpoint of capital management and financing channel which restrict allocation efficiency of physical capital of papermaking and paper products industry. Finally, countermeasures are put forward to optimize allocation efficiency of physical capital of papermaking and paper products industry from the aspects of business model, capital utilization and regional layout.
Based on the capital allocation efficiency model of Jeffrey Wurgler, this paper analyzes the quantitative relationship between physical capital growth and profit growth in papermaking and paper products industry in China. The conclusion is that the allocation efficiency of physical capital of papermaking and paper products industry is inefficient. The main factors are analyzed from the viewpoint of capital management and financing channel which restrict allocation efficiency of physical capital of papermaking and paper products industry. Finally, countermeasures are put forward to optimize allocation efficiency of physical capital of papermaking and paper products industry from the aspects of business model, capital utilization and regional layout.
2011, 10(3): 87-91.
Abstract:
Forestry finance is a new research field which springs from the combination of finance and forestry industry. Through review on the research of forestry finance at home and abroad, this paper puts forward a research framework of forestry finance system in China. From aspects of financial demand of customers, financial supply at the micro-level, financial infrastructure at medium level and policy support at macro-level, the authors expound problems such as relationship between forestry industry and finance, demand characteristics of forestry finance, and supporting framework of forestry finance. Co-existing mechanism of forestry industry and finance is established to achieve the harmonious development of forestry industry and finance.
Forestry finance is a new research field which springs from the combination of finance and forestry industry. Through review on the research of forestry finance at home and abroad, this paper puts forward a research framework of forestry finance system in China. From aspects of financial demand of customers, financial supply at the micro-level, financial infrastructure at medium level and policy support at macro-level, the authors expound problems such as relationship between forestry industry and finance, demand characteristics of forestry finance, and supporting framework of forestry finance. Co-existing mechanism of forestry industry and finance is established to achieve the harmonious development of forestry industry and finance.
2011, 10(3): 92-97.
Abstract:
This paper sets up a set of index system of impact assessment of social economy change to biodiversity, and puts forwards the train of thought, principles, content and structure levels of the system from the aspect of strategic environmental assessment(SEA). Index weight of each level is calculated using analytic hierarchy process(AHP) method. Taking Water Diversion Project of Central Yunnan Province as an example, empirical study on the effects of social economy change to biodiversity is carried out by choosing three areas in central Yunnan province as cases. Results show that the index system can reflect the affect of social economy change to biodiversity in the region.
This paper sets up a set of index system of impact assessment of social economy change to biodiversity, and puts forwards the train of thought, principles, content and structure levels of the system from the aspect of strategic environmental assessment(SEA). Index weight of each level is calculated using analytic hierarchy process(AHP) method. Taking Water Diversion Project of Central Yunnan Province as an example, empirical study on the effects of social economy change to biodiversity is carried out by choosing three areas in central Yunnan province as cases. Results show that the index system can reflect the affect of social economy change to biodiversity in the region.
2011, 10(3): 98-101.
Abstract:
School is the front of disseminating knowledge and the cradle of cultivating talents. To build green Beijing，we can not make it without a strong intellectual support and talent guarantee. We should build green campuses，making them become the production base of green culture, green talents and green science and technology to promote the construction of green Beijing. Based on the definition of basic connotation and extension of green campus, this paper proposes the framework of green campus. It includes campus environment, green education, green technology and green transmission, etc.
School is the front of disseminating knowledge and the cradle of cultivating talents. To build green Beijing，we can not make it without a strong intellectual support and talent guarantee. We should build green campuses，making them become the production base of green culture, green talents and green science and technology to promote the construction of green Beijing. Based on the definition of basic connotation and extension of green campus, this paper proposes the framework of green campus. It includes campus environment, green education, green technology and green transmission, etc.
2011, 10(3): 102-105.
Abstract:
The uniqueness of financial English lies in its great number of technical terminology. The American financial crisis, stemming from the subprime mortgage crisis, also involves many financial terms, some of which were not common in the past. Eco-translatology is a new theory of translation with great interpretation capacity. Guided by eco-translatology, this paper selects a number of important terms frequently used in studies of the current American financial crisis, and compares different versions of their translation. Through analyzing their adaptability in the linguistic, cultural and communicative dimensions, best translation versions are recommended.
The uniqueness of financial English lies in its great number of technical terminology. The American financial crisis, stemming from the subprime mortgage crisis, also involves many financial terms, some of which were not common in the past. Eco-translatology is a new theory of translation with great interpretation capacity. Guided by eco-translatology, this paper selects a number of important terms frequently used in studies of the current American financial crisis, and compares different versions of their translation. Through analyzing their adaptability in the linguistic, cultural and communicative dimensions, best translation versions are recommended.
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