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2011 Vol. 10, No. 1
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2011, 10(1): 1-9.
Abstract:
The form of public foundational juridical person should be adopted in China to establish the eco-compensation fund (ECF) in order to realize the direct monetary subsidies to the act maintaining the ecosystem benefits. A multilayered system of ECF consists of industry-based eco-compensation fund, specific eco-compensation fund and general eco-compensation fund, which can be a local, regional or national level fund, ought to be built in the context of Ecological Compensation Ordinance. The internal structure of ECF includes institutions of administration, monitoring reviewing and auditing, and the functions of each need to be identified by Ecological Compensation Ordinance. A pluralistic system of financial sources of ECF should be created with the budgetary allocation as its fundamental fund source. The legal mechanism of ECF should also include systems of accounting, auditing, administrative and monitoring, which should be respectively specified by Ecological Compensation Ordinance.
The form of public foundational juridical person should be adopted in China to establish the eco-compensation fund (ECF) in order to realize the direct monetary subsidies to the act maintaining the ecosystem benefits. A multilayered system of ECF consists of industry-based eco-compensation fund, specific eco-compensation fund and general eco-compensation fund, which can be a local, regional or national level fund, ought to be built in the context of Ecological Compensation Ordinance. The internal structure of ECF includes institutions of administration, monitoring reviewing and auditing, and the functions of each need to be identified by Ecological Compensation Ordinance. A pluralistic system of financial sources of ECF should be created with the budgetary allocation as its fundamental fund source. The legal mechanism of ECF should also include systems of accounting, auditing, administrative and monitoring, which should be respectively specified by Ecological Compensation Ordinance.
2011, 10(1): 10-16.
Abstract:
Through analyzing the issues appeared after the establishments of natural reserves, this paper points out that the natural reserves do not work well not only because of the lower rank of regulations in Chinese legal system, but also the legislations can not successfully coordinate all kinds of interests behind the natural reserves and can not efficiently allocate or confirm the interests. The author indicates that it is necessary to build reasonable rules and regulations which can justly redistributes all kinds of interests based on giving consideration of environmental, national, local and community interests.
Through analyzing the issues appeared after the establishments of natural reserves, this paper points out that the natural reserves do not work well not only because of the lower rank of regulations in Chinese legal system, but also the legislations can not successfully coordinate all kinds of interests behind the natural reserves and can not efficiently allocate or confirm the interests. The author indicates that it is necessary to build reasonable rules and regulations which can justly redistributes all kinds of interests based on giving consideration of environmental, national, local and community interests.
2011, 10(1): 17-21.
Abstract:
Material and spiritual demands of human being are initial driving powers for the development of forest culture, the relationship between mankind and nature is the secondary driving power, and technology and education play the role of catalyst. Under the incorporated influence of multiple variables, forest culture has experienced three evolution stages of primitive culture period, agricultural cultivation period and industrial exploitation period. With the development of urbanization and strategy shift of forestry construction, the subject components and demands on object of forest culture have dramatically changed, which drives forest culture to evolve. Urban forest culture, which is combined with ecological culture and urban culture, will become dominant development direction of forest culture. Forest religious culture will co-exist with the mainstream of forest culture for a long time, while indigenous folk forest culture will die out.
Material and spiritual demands of human being are initial driving powers for the development of forest culture, the relationship between mankind and nature is the secondary driving power, and technology and education play the role of catalyst. Under the incorporated influence of multiple variables, forest culture has experienced three evolution stages of primitive culture period, agricultural cultivation period and industrial exploitation period. With the development of urbanization and strategy shift of forestry construction, the subject components and demands on object of forest culture have dramatically changed, which drives forest culture to evolve. Urban forest culture, which is combined with ecological culture and urban culture, will become dominant development direction of forest culture. Forest religious culture will co-exist with the mainstream of forest culture for a long time, while indigenous folk forest culture will die out.
2011, 10(1): 22-25.
Abstract:
Return to trueness means getting rid of exterior trimming and returning to reality of a thing. On the different levels of forest aesthetics, the concepts of trueness are different. From the viewpoint of forest landscape, trueness is represented by the outwardness of aesthetics objects, which means the arousing of people’s emotion by forest landscape. From the viewpoint of forest image, trueness is represented by people’s sincere emotion, which means the fusion of people’s emotion and forest landscape. From the viewpoint of forest artistic conception, trueness is represented by people’s sincere disposition and inspiration, which means the unity of human and nature. Trueness is not only the logic origination of forest aesthetics, but also run through the whole process of forest aesthetics, and embodies the form, content and spirit of forest aesthetics.
Return to trueness means getting rid of exterior trimming and returning to reality of a thing. On the different levels of forest aesthetics, the concepts of trueness are different. From the viewpoint of forest landscape, trueness is represented by the outwardness of aesthetics objects, which means the arousing of people’s emotion by forest landscape. From the viewpoint of forest image, trueness is represented by people’s sincere emotion, which means the fusion of people’s emotion and forest landscape. From the viewpoint of forest artistic conception, trueness is represented by people’s sincere disposition and inspiration, which means the unity of human and nature. Trueness is not only the logic origination of forest aesthetics, but also run through the whole process of forest aesthetics, and embodies the form, content and spirit of forest aesthetics.
2011, 10(1): 26-30.
Abstract:
In traditional Chinese society, Phoenix Tree is usually planted in even number. The image of Shuangtong has rich connotations. Studying these connotations has values in aspects of literature, folk custom and religion. In rural society, Shuangtong is the symbol of homeland. There are many villages in China which are named by Shuangtong. In the culture of scholars, Shuangtong is the ally of their spirit, so that they usually use Shuangtong as the name of themselves and their houses. In secular world, Shuangtong represents love between men and women. Shuangtong means harmonious relationship between husband and wife, while Bansitong( one is alive, and the other is died) means widower or widow. In the world of religion, Shuangtong is a sacred thing in Buddhism and it’s actually the Sal in China.
In traditional Chinese society, Phoenix Tree is usually planted in even number. The image of Shuangtong has rich connotations. Studying these connotations has values in aspects of literature, folk custom and religion. In rural society, Shuangtong is the symbol of homeland. There are many villages in China which are named by Shuangtong. In the culture of scholars, Shuangtong is the ally of their spirit, so that they usually use Shuangtong as the name of themselves and their houses. In secular world, Shuangtong represents love between men and women. Shuangtong means harmonious relationship between husband and wife, while Bansitong( one is alive, and the other is died) means widower or widow. In the world of religion, Shuangtong is a sacred thing in Buddhism and it’s actually the Sal in China.
2011, 10(1): 31-38.
Abstract:
This paper discusses the exploitation history of main forest resources in Liangshan Yi Nationality Area, Sichuan Province, especially analyzes the exploitation objects, ways, results, organization and management, and intention. The author draws conclusions that the species of forest resources exploited in history in this area were limited, the exploitation ways were simple, the products were mainly raw products, and people in this area only exploited but ignored the protection of forest resources. The exploitation shows the characteristics of coexistence of with order and disorder. The intensity of exploitation in history was increasing gradually, but the process was relatively slow.
This paper discusses the exploitation history of main forest resources in Liangshan Yi Nationality Area, Sichuan Province, especially analyzes the exploitation objects, ways, results, organization and management, and intention. The author draws conclusions that the species of forest resources exploited in history in this area were limited, the exploitation ways were simple, the products were mainly raw products, and people in this area only exploited but ignored the protection of forest resources. The exploitation shows the characteristics of coexistence of with order and disorder. The intensity of exploitation in history was increasing gradually, but the process was relatively slow.
2011, 10(1): 39-43.
Abstract:
Rulers of Ming and Qing dynasties invested a large amount of timbers on charcoal, ship building, palaces, and making furniture. The timbers mainly came from Sichuan Province, Hu-Guang district (about in some areas of Hunan Province, Hubei Province, Guangxi Province, Guangdong Province and Guizhou Province nowadays), Zhejiang Province etc. All these timbers were transported by land and water to Beijing after logging, and stored in woodwork mill. In this process, a large amount of timbers were wasted without appropriate management. This paper analyzes the characteristics of transportation and storage of the timbers at that time, and draws the conclusion that the court’s acquisition of woods was beyond the carrying capacity of ecological environment, and had bad impact on virtuous circle of human being, society, and environment.
Rulers of Ming and Qing dynasties invested a large amount of timbers on charcoal, ship building, palaces, and making furniture. The timbers mainly came from Sichuan Province, Hu-Guang district (about in some areas of Hunan Province, Hubei Province, Guangxi Province, Guangdong Province and Guizhou Province nowadays), Zhejiang Province etc. All these timbers were transported by land and water to Beijing after logging, and stored in woodwork mill. In this process, a large amount of timbers were wasted without appropriate management. This paper analyzes the characteristics of transportation and storage of the timbers at that time, and draws the conclusion that the court’s acquisition of woods was beyond the carrying capacity of ecological environment, and had bad impact on virtuous circle of human being, society, and environment.
2011, 10(1): 44-49.
Abstract:
Aesthetic Psychology investigates the psychological mechanism in human’s aesthetic experiences. Traditional Aesthetic Psychology has its theoretical and methodological basis on psychophysics，cognitive psychology，psychoanalysis，humanistic and post-humanistic psychology. The emergence and the development of Evolutionary Psychology and Ecological Aesthetics provide new standpoints and methods for Aesthetic Psychology. This paper suggests to establish Revolutionary Aesthetic Psychology on the basis of the Revolutionary Psychology, and to establish Ecological Aesthetic Psychology on the ground of the Ecological Aesthetics. After the crossover and amalgamation of these two areas, there is the possibility of developing an integrative Evolutionary and Ecological Aesthetic Psychology. Possible research topics and directions of these new areas are discussed.
Aesthetic Psychology investigates the psychological mechanism in human’s aesthetic experiences. Traditional Aesthetic Psychology has its theoretical and methodological basis on psychophysics，cognitive psychology，psychoanalysis，humanistic and post-humanistic psychology. The emergence and the development of Evolutionary Psychology and Ecological Aesthetics provide new standpoints and methods for Aesthetic Psychology. This paper suggests to establish Revolutionary Aesthetic Psychology on the basis of the Revolutionary Psychology, and to establish Ecological Aesthetic Psychology on the ground of the Ecological Aesthetics. After the crossover and amalgamation of these two areas, there is the possibility of developing an integrative Evolutionary and Ecological Aesthetic Psychology. Possible research topics and directions of these new areas are discussed.
2011, 10(1): 50-53.
Abstract:
There is an evolutionary process for human being from original civilization, agricultural civilization, and industrial civilization to ecological civilization. Ecological consciousness, ecological sub-consciousness and ecological consumption based on ecological self are the core of ecological civilization. This paper analyzes the contradiction and conflict among ecological consciousness, ecological sub-consciousness, and ecological self, explains two different levels of ecological sub-consciousness and their influence to ecological consumption. The author points out that it is urgent and necessary to construct ecological consumption.
There is an evolutionary process for human being from original civilization, agricultural civilization, and industrial civilization to ecological civilization. Ecological consciousness, ecological sub-consciousness and ecological consumption based on ecological self are the core of ecological civilization. This paper analyzes the contradiction and conflict among ecological consciousness, ecological sub-consciousness, and ecological self, explains two different levels of ecological sub-consciousness and their influence to ecological consumption. The author points out that it is urgent and necessary to construct ecological consumption.
2011, 10(1): 54-58.
Abstract:
Orientation of tourism planning provides guidelines for scenic areas planning in cities and suburbs. This paper analyzes the impellent power of tourism development of forest parks in cities and suburbs, points out that tourism planning of forest parks in cities and suburbs should take social benefit as the dominant factor and adopt the tourism planning of society development orientation. The author also puts forward and analyzes the strategic deployment of tourism planning vision of society development orientation of forest parks in cities and suburbs. Finally, assessment system of tourism benefit and monitoring mechanism of planning benefit are built in the paper.
Orientation of tourism planning provides guidelines for scenic areas planning in cities and suburbs. This paper analyzes the impellent power of tourism development of forest parks in cities and suburbs, points out that tourism planning of forest parks in cities and suburbs should take social benefit as the dominant factor and adopt the tourism planning of society development orientation. The author also puts forward and analyzes the strategic deployment of tourism planning vision of society development orientation of forest parks in cities and suburbs. Finally, assessment system of tourism benefit and monitoring mechanism of planning benefit are built in the paper.
2011, 10(1): 59-64.
Abstract:
Ecosystem services is the material base and natural capital of human sustainable development. Evaluating the ecosystem services value is helpful to realize the importance of natural ecosystem to human welfare. However, it is difficulty to evaluate the ecosystem services value accurately because of complexity of ecosystem, fuzziness of reactions of economic system to ecosystem, and limitations of value research. It should be studied in some deep-going ways such as multi-scale comprehensive research and dynamic participation evaluation, separation research of product value and non-material services value, investigation and simulation of marginal value, interdisciplinary studies on ecological compensation, and the market-oriented research on non-material service value.
Ecosystem services is the material base and natural capital of human sustainable development. Evaluating the ecosystem services value is helpful to realize the importance of natural ecosystem to human welfare. However, it is difficulty to evaluate the ecosystem services value accurately because of complexity of ecosystem, fuzziness of reactions of economic system to ecosystem, and limitations of value research. It should be studied in some deep-going ways such as multi-scale comprehensive research and dynamic participation evaluation, separation research of product value and non-material services value, investigation and simulation of marginal value, interdisciplinary studies on ecological compensation, and the market-oriented research on non-material service value.
2011, 10(1): 65-69.
Abstract:
Based on data of 177 households of Wuqi county in Shaanxi province，this paper uses stochastic production frontier on Cobb-Douglas production function to investigate their planting technical efficiency, and analyzes the effecting factors of technical efficiency. Results show that the distribution of households technical efficiency shifts to the right, education makes positive effects to technical efficiency, and the planting technical efficiency of poor households is more efficient. The higher ratio of income from planting in the total income，the higher technical efficiency.
Based on data of 177 households of Wuqi county in Shaanxi province，this paper uses stochastic production frontier on Cobb-Douglas production function to investigate their planting technical efficiency, and analyzes the effecting factors of technical efficiency. Results show that the distribution of households technical efficiency shifts to the right, education makes positive effects to technical efficiency, and the planting technical efficiency of poor households is more efficient. The higher ratio of income from planting in the total income，the higher technical efficiency.
2011, 10(1): 70-75.
Abstract:
Based on value chain model by Michael E. Porter and the theory of Smile Curve by Stan Shih, this paper points out that the production mode of Chinese forestry industry is low-end value chain which imports raw materials and exports manufactured goods. Then the authors analyze the characteristics of Chinese forestry industry chain and the problems existed in different levels of forestry industry chain. Taking the International Paper Company for an example, the authors point out the development direction of Chinese forestry industry chain, and propose recommendations for integration of forestry industry chain.
Based on value chain model by Michael E. Porter and the theory of Smile Curve by Stan Shih, this paper points out that the production mode of Chinese forestry industry is low-end value chain which imports raw materials and exports manufactured goods. Then the authors analyze the characteristics of Chinese forestry industry chain and the problems existed in different levels of forestry industry chain. Taking the International Paper Company for an example, the authors point out the development direction of Chinese forestry industry chain, and propose recommendations for integration of forestry industry chain.
2011, 10(1): 76-79.
Abstract:
Furniture industry in Guangdong province plays a key role in Chinese furniture industry. Industry cluster has become an important driving force to the rapid development of furniture industry in Guangdong. Fostering competitiveness of industry cluster is the key point to acquire international competitiveness. Using the framework of Grounding-Enterprises-Markets (GEM) model proposed by Tim Padmore and Hervey Gibson of Canada, this paper analyzes and evaluates the competitiveness of Guangdong province furniture industry from aspects of general and single factor based on investigation. Results show that Guangdong province furniture industry cluster still has a big gap to take the leading place in China. Relevant suggestions are put forward.
Furniture industry in Guangdong province plays a key role in Chinese furniture industry. Industry cluster has become an important driving force to the rapid development of furniture industry in Guangdong. Fostering competitiveness of industry cluster is the key point to acquire international competitiveness. Using the framework of Grounding-Enterprises-Markets (GEM) model proposed by Tim Padmore and Hervey Gibson of Canada, this paper analyzes and evaluates the competitiveness of Guangdong province furniture industry from aspects of general and single factor based on investigation. Results show that Guangdong province furniture industry cluster still has a big gap to take the leading place in China. Relevant suggestions are put forward.
2011, 10(1): 80-83.
Abstract:
As a substitution for fossil fuel, solid biomass fuel is a kind of clean and efficient energy which can alleviate human energy crisis and environment problems. Based on investigation, this paper extracts and summarizes the core problems of solid biomass fuels industry which hinder the development of subsystems of the industry chain. Analyzing these problems can provide evidences and design ideas for formulating development policies of solid biomass fuel industry.
As a substitution for fossil fuel, solid biomass fuel is a kind of clean and efficient energy which can alleviate human energy crisis and environment problems. Based on investigation, this paper extracts and summarizes the core problems of solid biomass fuels industry which hinder the development of subsystems of the industry chain. Analyzing these problems can provide evidences and design ideas for formulating development policies of solid biomass fuel industry.
2011, 10(1): 84-88.
Abstract:
This paper builds an assessment framework of the loss value in sudden environmental accidents in view of the assessment of whole society loss value. In the framework, the influence objects are classified into responsible party and external loss sufferers, the loss is divided into financial loss and ecological environment loss. Finally, a case study is conducted to identify the loss of an environmental accident case based on the framework.
This paper builds an assessment framework of the loss value in sudden environmental accidents in view of the assessment of whole society loss value. In the framework, the influence objects are classified into responsible party and external loss sufferers, the loss is divided into financial loss and ecological environment loss. Finally, a case study is conducted to identify the loss of an environmental accident case based on the framework.
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