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2010 Vol. 9, No. 3
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2010, 9(3): 1-6.
Abstract:
Based on research and classification of forest categories, tree species and their arrangement in mausoleum gardens, this paper explores the way of mausoleum trees originated, discusses the system culture and spiritual belief culture of mausoleum trees. This paper holds that the mausoleum tree culture is an important part of forest culture. It is the reflection of people’s life style, custom, spirit idea on forest culture, which has high reference value.
Based on research and classification of forest categories, tree species and their arrangement in mausoleum gardens, this paper explores the way of mausoleum trees originated, discusses the system culture and spiritual belief culture of mausoleum trees. This paper holds that the mausoleum tree culture is an important part of forest culture. It is the reflection of people’s life style, custom, spirit idea on forest culture, which has high reference value.
2010, 9(3): 7-11.
Abstract:
Forest culture can be divided into public forest culture, private forest culture and collective forest culture according to its origin property. The private culture is the core and essence of forest culture in a certain place. Based on the origin property and the types of forest culture, we should change the traditional concept on forest management, establish the idea of forest culture operation, carry out investigations of forest culture, implement strategic management of forest culture, and build the forest enriched with culture characteristics.We should also take full advantage of public cultural resources, make effort to create private forest culture, and formulate the power of culture calls of forest.
Forest culture can be divided into public forest culture, private forest culture and collective forest culture according to its origin property. The private culture is the core and essence of forest culture in a certain place. Based on the origin property and the types of forest culture, we should change the traditional concept on forest management, establish the idea of forest culture operation, carry out investigations of forest culture, implement strategic management of forest culture, and build the forest enriched with culture characteristics.We should also take full advantage of public cultural resources, make effort to create private forest culture, and formulate the power of culture calls of forest.
2010, 9(3): 12-18.
Abstract:
Ancient Chinese literati had deep feelings for mountains. It is their inner need and an important way to develop their poetic life, get rid of secularity and noise, relax body and mind, purify spirit, sublimate accomplishment and enjoy nature among mountains. Influenced by Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism heavily, ancient Chinese literati had deep cultural and aesthetic training. Therefore the recreation expressed their devotion into the nature, their pursuit of leisure life and their appreciation of the natural beauty. As a result, the recreation becomes a spiritual journey accompanied by pursuit of harmony between man and nature, man and themselves. Mountain recreation is not only an important part of ancient Chinese literati’s physical and spiritual world, but also endows the recreation with dense humanistic, cultural and aesthetic characteristics. Undoubtedly, this will bring us beneficial inspirations, deep cultural meanings and historical origins for the culture development of modern mountain tourism.
Ancient Chinese literati had deep feelings for mountains. It is their inner need and an important way to develop their poetic life, get rid of secularity and noise, relax body and mind, purify spirit, sublimate accomplishment and enjoy nature among mountains. Influenced by Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism heavily, ancient Chinese literati had deep cultural and aesthetic training. Therefore the recreation expressed their devotion into the nature, their pursuit of leisure life and their appreciation of the natural beauty. As a result, the recreation becomes a spiritual journey accompanied by pursuit of harmony between man and nature, man and themselves. Mountain recreation is not only an important part of ancient Chinese literati’s physical and spiritual world, but also endows the recreation with dense humanistic, cultural and aesthetic characteristics. Undoubtedly, this will bring us beneficial inspirations, deep cultural meanings and historical origins for the culture development of modern mountain tourism.
2010, 9(3): 19-25.
Abstract:
Based on connotation, origin and development of the eucalyptus culture in Australian，this paper introduces the effect of eucalyptus culture on economic and ecological environment. By contracting the difference of eucalyptus culture in spiritual level in China and in Australia, the effect of Chinese eucalyptus culture influenced by traditional culture and social factors is revealed. Analyzing literatures about eucalyptus culture in Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), the authors find that the regional economic disparities result in the difference of research on the Eucalyptus culture. The imbalance of research direction on the eucalyptus culture correctly can benefit the constructions of spiritual civilization, economy and ecology in China.
Based on connotation, origin and development of the eucalyptus culture in Australian，this paper introduces the effect of eucalyptus culture on economic and ecological environment. By contracting the difference of eucalyptus culture in spiritual level in China and in Australia, the effect of Chinese eucalyptus culture influenced by traditional culture and social factors is revealed. Analyzing literatures about eucalyptus culture in Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), the authors find that the regional economic disparities result in the difference of research on the Eucalyptus culture. The imbalance of research direction on the eucalyptus culture correctly can benefit the constructions of spiritual civilization, economy and ecology in China.
2010, 9(3): 26-30.
Abstract:
Diversity of forest ecosystems makes forest culture expanding at all material and spiritual levels. Many social customs and civil activities are closely linked with forest in China. Taking Shushu activities as example, this paper analyzes common forms of forest utilization and forest life customs, explores the tree worship，humanism and inornate ecological viewpoint in the Shushu activities，points out that forest culture is one origin of the Shushu activities. This phenomenon reflects the inheritance and development of forest culture in the ShuShu activities.
Diversity of forest ecosystems makes forest culture expanding at all material and spiritual levels. Many social customs and civil activities are closely linked with forest in China. Taking Shushu activities as example, this paper analyzes common forms of forest utilization and forest life customs, explores the tree worship，humanism and inornate ecological viewpoint in the Shushu activities，points out that forest culture is one origin of the Shushu activities. This phenomenon reflects the inheritance and development of forest culture in the ShuShu activities.
2010, 9(3): 31-36.
Abstract:
In late Qing Dynasty, the feudal rule was difficult to maintain. Promoted by New Deal of the government, the Department of Business (Department of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce) was established to rescue the deterioration of forestry, protect the economic rights and improve the ecological environment in this period. Subsequently, countermeasures and methods were adopted to improve and develop forestry. With the management of the Department of Business, forestry revitalization had effectively achieved, such as afforestation in some regions was remarkable, new modes of forestry operation appeared, forestry science and education also made progress.
In late Qing Dynasty, the feudal rule was difficult to maintain. Promoted by New Deal of the government, the Department of Business (Department of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce) was established to rescue the deterioration of forestry, protect the economic rights and improve the ecological environment in this period. Subsequently, countermeasures and methods were adopted to improve and develop forestry. With the management of the Department of Business, forestry revitalization had effectively achieved, such as afforestation in some regions was remarkable, new modes of forestry operation appeared, forestry science and education also made progress.
2010, 9(3): 37-41.
Abstract:
Ecological consciousness, represented by seeking harmony, cherishing life, conforming to climate and encouraging arboriculture, is an important component of traditional ecological consciousness in China. Han Dynasties is a developing period of traditional Chinese ideology and an important evolving stage of ecological consciousness in Chinese history. Some imperial edicts in Han Dynasties implicate useful ecological consciousness exhibited as consciousness of ecological harmony of complying with nature and adjusting for seasons, consciousness of ecological protection of persuading farmers working upon season, reducing penalty to maintain life, consciousness of ecological management of lending hills and swamps to people to plant. The three consciousnesses are interrelated each other, and have a major impact on traditional ecological consciousness.
Ecological consciousness, represented by seeking harmony, cherishing life, conforming to climate and encouraging arboriculture, is an important component of traditional ecological consciousness in China. Han Dynasties is a developing period of traditional Chinese ideology and an important evolving stage of ecological consciousness in Chinese history. Some imperial edicts in Han Dynasties implicate useful ecological consciousness exhibited as consciousness of ecological harmony of complying with nature and adjusting for seasons, consciousness of ecological protection of persuading farmers working upon season, reducing penalty to maintain life, consciousness of ecological management of lending hills and swamps to people to plant. The three consciousnesses are interrelated each other, and have a major impact on traditional ecological consciousness.
2010, 9(3): 42-47.
Abstract:
Ecological aesthetics studies harmonious relationship between man and nature. This relationship can be divided into three different levels, i.e. harmony of the nature itself, harmony between man and all things in nature, harmony between man and society. The three levels interact each other and eventually make the universe in an ever living harmonious state. There are abundant ecological aesthetic thoughts in the Book of Songs. The thoughts can give us enlightenment on ecological aesthetics research at present, and provide references for us in respecting harmony of the nature itself, preserving harmonious relationship between man and nature, and between man and society.
Ecological aesthetics studies harmonious relationship between man and nature. This relationship can be divided into three different levels, i.e. harmony of the nature itself, harmony between man and all things in nature, harmony between man and society. The three levels interact each other and eventually make the universe in an ever living harmonious state. There are abundant ecological aesthetic thoughts in the Book of Songs. The thoughts can give us enlightenment on ecological aesthetics research at present, and provide references for us in respecting harmony of the nature itself, preserving harmonious relationship between man and nature, and between man and society.
2010, 9(3): 48-53.
Abstract:
Restricted to local natural environment, village environment is a kind of ecological physical shape on one hand. It is also a kind of structure and symbol of cultural choice and cultural expression in the establishment of an ethnic group on the other hand. Being a kind of space physical shape, village environment of the Dong Nationality was constructed on basis of their ecological views and cultural views. The countryside, landscapes, forests, roads, villages, and houses in village environment of the Dong Nationality as a whole forms their ecological views, life views, cultural views and ethnic identity. It is obviously a way of spreading cultural identity and a symbol of cultural expression.
Restricted to local natural environment, village environment is a kind of ecological physical shape on one hand. It is also a kind of structure and symbol of cultural choice and cultural expression in the establishment of an ethnic group on the other hand. Being a kind of space physical shape, village environment of the Dong Nationality was constructed on basis of their ecological views and cultural views. The countryside, landscapes, forests, roads, villages, and houses in village environment of the Dong Nationality as a whole forms their ecological views, life views, cultural views and ethnic identity. It is obviously a way of spreading cultural identity and a symbol of cultural expression.
2010, 9(3): 54-57.
Abstract:
Flower language is words or the meaning expressed by organs and species of plant, and plant environment. There are seven origin ways of flower language, which are appearance, habits and characteristics, functions, name, mythology and legend, special events, and customs. The characteristics of flower language are mainly embodied in five aspects: richness and diversity, extensiveness and concreteness, universality and difference, polysemy and synonyms, timeliness and development. The value of flower language is directly or indirectly reflected in five aspects, i.e. social value, aesthetic value, economic value, cultural value and academic value. Flower language is of great significance in production and life.
Flower language is words or the meaning expressed by organs and species of plant, and plant environment. There are seven origin ways of flower language, which are appearance, habits and characteristics, functions, name, mythology and legend, special events, and customs. The characteristics of flower language are mainly embodied in five aspects: richness and diversity, extensiveness and concreteness, universality and difference, polysemy and synonyms, timeliness and development. The value of flower language is directly or indirectly reflected in five aspects, i.e. social value, aesthetic value, economic value, cultural value and academic value. Flower language is of great significance in production and life.
2010, 9(3): 58-62.
Abstract:
This paper illustrates the reasons that couplets integrated into landscape architecture, introduces expression methods and roles of couplets in landscape architecture. The aesthetic perception and expression function of couplets are basic reasons that couplets integrate into landscape architecture, and are accordant with the pursuit of landscape architecture to landscape and ideological level. Emperors and literati promoted the progress that couplets integrate into landscape architecture. Human implication of landscape architecture is revealed and deepened by couplets through methods of taking advantage of a scene to express emotion and describing a scene with sentiment that one himself feels and understands it.
This paper illustrates the reasons that couplets integrated into landscape architecture, introduces expression methods and roles of couplets in landscape architecture. The aesthetic perception and expression function of couplets are basic reasons that couplets integrate into landscape architecture, and are accordant with the pursuit of landscape architecture to landscape and ideological level. Emperors and literati promoted the progress that couplets integrate into landscape architecture. Human implication of landscape architecture is revealed and deepened by couplets through methods of taking advantage of a scene to express emotion and describing a scene with sentiment that one himself feels and understands it.
2010, 9(3): 63-68.
Abstract:
Four important international plateau wetlands, Bitahai, Napahai, Lashihai and Dashanbao in Yunnan province are study objects in this paper. Following principles of science, objectivity, comprehensive, general adaptability, maneuverability and stability, as well as quantity combined with quality, a logic framework is adopted to establish a primary evaluation system of ecotourism management on international plateau wetlands in Yunnan province. The evaluation system includes three classes. There are three indexes in first class, seven indexes in second class and fifty-three indexes in third class. These selected indexes were experimentally applied in the four wetlands through collecting and sorting references and local materials, inspecting and examining the four wetlands, and consulting with experts. In accord with principles of universality and maneuverability, the indexes were filtered and adjusted again. Some indexes are deleted because of difficult collection, less feasibility and non-relate with ecotourism management. To avoid weighted, some indexes with like meaning are categorized, integrated or changed to use new nomenclatures for definition. Finally, two compared projects are formed for the same evaluation index system. Project 1 includes twelve indexes, project 2 includes 21 indexes.
Four important international plateau wetlands, Bitahai, Napahai, Lashihai and Dashanbao in Yunnan province are study objects in this paper. Following principles of science, objectivity, comprehensive, general adaptability, maneuverability and stability, as well as quantity combined with quality, a logic framework is adopted to establish a primary evaluation system of ecotourism management on international plateau wetlands in Yunnan province. The evaluation system includes three classes. There are three indexes in first class, seven indexes in second class and fifty-three indexes in third class. These selected indexes were experimentally applied in the four wetlands through collecting and sorting references and local materials, inspecting and examining the four wetlands, and consulting with experts. In accord with principles of universality and maneuverability, the indexes were filtered and adjusted again. Some indexes are deleted because of difficult collection, less feasibility and non-relate with ecotourism management. To avoid weighted, some indexes with like meaning are categorized, integrated or changed to use new nomenclatures for definition. Finally, two compared projects are formed for the same evaluation index system. Project 1 includes twelve indexes, project 2 includes 21 indexes.
2010, 9(3): 69-74.
Abstract:
Travel Cost Method (TCM), one of the most popular methods in evaluating recreation value, is widely applied in the evaluation of tourist destination, especially for tourism resources. As an important basis for decision-making, the evaluation results of TCM greatly improve the effectiveness of policies. According to the theories and basic models of TCM, this paper summarizes the application scope of TCM in China and abroad, discusses the progress, problems and improvement of TCM in China, and puts forward the prospect of TCM in recreation value evaluation in China.
Travel Cost Method (TCM), one of the most popular methods in evaluating recreation value, is widely applied in the evaluation of tourist destination, especially for tourism resources. As an important basis for decision-making, the evaluation results of TCM greatly improve the effectiveness of policies. According to the theories and basic models of TCM, this paper summarizes the application scope of TCM in China and abroad, discusses the progress, problems and improvement of TCM in China, and puts forward the prospect of TCM in recreation value evaluation in China.
2010, 9(3): 75-80.
Abstract:
Travel Cost Method (TCM), one of the most popular methods in evaluating recreation value, is widely applied in the evaluation of tourist destination, especially for tourism resources. As an important basis for decision-making, the evaluation results of TCM greatly improve the effectiveness of policies. According to the theories and basic models of TCM, this paper summarizes the application scope of TCM in China and abroad, discusses the progress, problems and improvement of TCM in China, and puts forward the prospect of TCM in recreation value evaluation in China.
Travel Cost Method (TCM), one of the most popular methods in evaluating recreation value, is widely applied in the evaluation of tourist destination, especially for tourism resources. As an important basis for decision-making, the evaluation results of TCM greatly improve the effectiveness of policies. According to the theories and basic models of TCM, this paper summarizes the application scope of TCM in China and abroad, discusses the progress, problems and improvement of TCM in China, and puts forward the prospect of TCM in recreation value evaluation in China.
2010, 9(3): 86-90.
Abstract:
Taking 18 forest management units who passed Forest Management(FM) and 874 companies who passed Chain of Custody(COC) as research objects，this paper analyzes the current situation and problems of FM and COC in China. Consequantly, solutions are put forward. Moreover, the development trend of Forest Steuardship Council(FSC) in China is predicted. This research provides reference for study on the impact and development of FSC in China.
Taking 18 forest management units who passed Forest Management(FM) and 874 companies who passed Chain of Custody(COC) as research objects，this paper analyzes the current situation and problems of FM and COC in China. Consequantly, solutions are put forward. Moreover, the development trend of Forest Steuardship Council(FSC) in China is predicted. This research provides reference for study on the impact and development of FSC in China.
2010, 9(3): 91-95.
Abstract:
Developing plantation is an effective way to resolve the difficulties of timber supplement in the international market. This paper studies the management models of plantation in several countries, and summarizes common characteristics of its management, i.e. marketization of management conditions, enterprise management, management model of integration of forest and industry, and positive policy environment. Finally, proposals to develop plantation in China are suggested.
Developing plantation is an effective way to resolve the difficulties of timber supplement in the international market. This paper studies the management models of plantation in several countries, and summarizes common characteristics of its management, i.e. marketization of management conditions, enterprise management, management model of integration of forest and industry, and positive policy environment. Finally, proposals to develop plantation in China are suggested.
2010, 9(3): 96-102.
Abstract:
Deficiency of forestry science and technology extension is a key factor of restricting modernization and advancement of forestry science and technology. Aiming to the problem of low efficiency of forestry science and technology extension, this paper analyzes economic characteristics and connotation of forestry science and technology, puts forward thoughts of establishment and perfection of forestry science and technology extension system, and illustrates the necessities and difficulties of building the forestry science and technology extension system. Finally, countermeasures are proposed.
Deficiency of forestry science and technology extension is a key factor of restricting modernization and advancement of forestry science and technology. Aiming to the problem of low efficiency of forestry science and technology extension, this paper analyzes economic characteristics and connotation of forestry science and technology, puts forward thoughts of establishment and perfection of forestry science and technology extension system, and illustrates the necessities and difficulties of building the forestry science and technology extension system. Finally, countermeasures are proposed.
2010, 9(3): 103-107.
Abstract:
Forest insurance is an important content of deepening the supporting reform of collective forest right system. Researching the factors that affect farmers demand of forest insurance will contribute to the sound development of forest insurance and policy goals. Regarding farmers in Zhejiang province as research object, this paper uses Logistic econometric model to analyze the factors that affecting farmers forest insurance demand. Results show that the significant factors affecting farmers demand of forest insurance include number of family labor, annual per capita income, whether there is outstanding loan, proportion of the worst disaster damage in the whole family income of the year, forest species as well as knowledge of forest insurance.
Forest insurance is an important content of deepening the supporting reform of collective forest right system. Researching the factors that affect farmers demand of forest insurance will contribute to the sound development of forest insurance and policy goals. Regarding farmers in Zhejiang province as research object, this paper uses Logistic econometric model to analyze the factors that affecting farmers forest insurance demand. Results show that the significant factors affecting farmers demand of forest insurance include number of family labor, annual per capita income, whether there is outstanding loan, proportion of the worst disaster damage in the whole family income of the year, forest species as well as knowledge of forest insurance.
2010, 9(3): 108-113.
Abstract:
Sustainable development, including ecology sustainable, economic development, social justice and so on, is an ideal state of harmonious development of ecology, economy and society. The leading position in sustainable development research has been occupied by natural sciences, for example, ecology and environment because of the concept was originated from the western environmental movement after 1950s. In the gradually cross, classified and detailed economic system, some economic theories about resources are in agreement with inner requirement of the sustainable development. These theories include Pareto Optimization and social welfare maximum in welfare economics, accounting exhausting natural resources and degenerating environment in resource and environmental economics, and opinion of social-economic system has a development limit in ecological economics. Facing the complicated reality and rich content of sustainable development, these theories still have disadvantages. In the future, research on sustainable development should be conducted base on systematic perspective, and integrate relative subjects aiming at key fields and important science problems.
Sustainable development, including ecology sustainable, economic development, social justice and so on, is an ideal state of harmonious development of ecology, economy and society. The leading position in sustainable development research has been occupied by natural sciences, for example, ecology and environment because of the concept was originated from the western environmental movement after 1950s. In the gradually cross, classified and detailed economic system, some economic theories about resources are in agreement with inner requirement of the sustainable development. These theories include Pareto Optimization and social welfare maximum in welfare economics, accounting exhausting natural resources and degenerating environment in resource and environmental economics, and opinion of social-economic system has a development limit in ecological economics. Facing the complicated reality and rich content of sustainable development, these theories still have disadvantages. In the future, research on sustainable development should be conducted base on systematic perspective, and integrate relative subjects aiming at key fields and important science problems.
2010, 9(3): 114-119.
Abstract:
Supported by Beijing Forestry University, this paper intends to research the positive factors affecting female teachers in teaching and scientific research using methods of questionnaire survey, correlation analysis and cluster analysis. Female teachers basic situation, ideas, cultural life, teaching and scientific research are related in the study. The authors analyze their amount of work, occupational stress, difficulties and pressures of scientific research, and obstacles to success. Countermeasures are put forward to promote female teachers positivity in teaching and scientific research.
Supported by Beijing Forestry University, this paper intends to research the positive factors affecting female teachers in teaching and scientific research using methods of questionnaire survey, correlation analysis and cluster analysis. Female teachers basic situation, ideas, cultural life, teaching and scientific research are related in the study. The authors analyze their amount of work, occupational stress, difficulties and pressures of scientific research, and obstacles to success. Countermeasures are put forward to promote female teachers positivity in teaching and scientific research.
2010, 9(3): 120-125.
Abstract:
Nominalization is rarely discussed in critical discourse analysis. Based on the theory of systemic-functional linguistics, this paper explored the definition and classification of nominalization, its effect of thingness, abstraction, condensation and fuzziness, the nominalization of modality, appraisal meaning, and the omission of mood, as well as the textual function of nominalization in relation to their role in power construction. The study shows that nominalization can be employed by the addresser to construct specific ideational, interpersonal and textual meanings according to his/her own intention, control the construing of the world by the text, and manipulate the addressees interpretation of the text, so as to construct advantageous power relations.
Nominalization is rarely discussed in critical discourse analysis. Based on the theory of systemic-functional linguistics, this paper explored the definition and classification of nominalization, its effect of thingness, abstraction, condensation and fuzziness, the nominalization of modality, appraisal meaning, and the omission of mood, as well as the textual function of nominalization in relation to their role in power construction. The study shows that nominalization can be employed by the addresser to construct specific ideational, interpersonal and textual meanings according to his/her own intention, control the construing of the world by the text, and manipulate the addressees interpretation of the text, so as to construct advantageous power relations.
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